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Occupational health psychology (OHP) a field that emerged out of two distinct applied disciplines within psychology health psychology and industrial/organizational psychology and occupational health1 is concerned with the psychosocial characteristics of workplaces that contribute to the development of health-related problems in people who work.2 The field also speaks to ways to effect workplace changes that benefit worker health without adversely affecting productivity.
OHP researchers and practitioners are concerned with a variety of psychosocial work characteristics that may be related to physical and mental health problems. The physical health problems range from accidental injury to cardiovascular disease. The mental health problems include psychological distress burnout and depression. OHP researchers and practitioners are also concerned with relation of psychosocial working conditions to health behaviors (e.g. smoking and alcohol consumption) and workplace morale (e.g. job satisfaction). Examples of psychosocial workplace characteristics that OHP researchers have linked to health outcomes include decision latitude and psychological workload3 as well as the extent to which supervisors4 and co-workers5 are supportive. Another topic of great concern to occupational health psychology is the problem of carryover of deleterious workplace experiences to the worker's home life.6 Given its roots occupational health OHP is also concerned with factors that affect workplace safety7 and accident risk.8 In addition occupational health psychologists document the adverse impact of deteriorating economic conditions and identify ways to mitigate that impact.9
Two professional organizations closely linked to OHP are the Society for Occupational Health Psychology (SOHP) and the European Academy of Occupational Health Psychology (EA-OHP). Two important OHP journals are the Journal of Occupational Health Psychology (JOHP) and Work & Stress (W & S). The journals are associated with the two OHP organizations (JOHP with SOHP; W & S with EA-0HP).
OHP researchers and practitioners also consult a variety of other periodicals including but not limited to Social Science & Medicine the Journal of Applied Psychology the Journal of Organizational Behavior the Journal of Health and Social Behavior the Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health the Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology (originally published as the Journal of Occupational Psychology) the American Journal of Public Health Organizational Research Methods Occupational Medicine the European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology Psychosomatic Medicine the Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (originally published as the Journal of Occupational Medicine) Occupational and Environmental Medicine and Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. The diversity in journals consulted by OHP professionals underlines the interdisciplinary character of OHP. Contents 1 Historical overview 2 Avenues of OHP research 2.1 Research methods 2.2 Job stress and cardiovascular disease 2.3 Adverse working conditions and economic insecurity linked to psychological distress reduced job satisfaction and ill health 2.4 Work and mental disorder 2.5 Workplace interventions 2.6 Workplace incivility and violence 3 See also 4 Doctoral programs in OHP 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links // Historical overview
A number of individuals contributed to the foundation of OHP. The Industrial Revolution in the nineteenth century prompted thinkers to concern themselves with the nature of work. For example Karl Marx's10 theory of alienation of the industrial worker has b
History Subfields Portal Basic science
Abnormal Biological Cognitive Developmental Comparative Cultural Experimental Evolutionary Mathematical Personality Positive Social Applied science
Clinical Consumer Educational Health Industrial and organizational Law Occupational health Political School Sport Military Lists
Outline Disciplines Organizations Publications Methods Psychologists Topics Therapies Theories v d e
Occupational health psychology (OHP) a field that emerged out of two distinct applied disciplines within psychology health psychology and industrial/organizational psychology and occupational health1 is concerned with the psychosocial characteristics of workplaces that contribute to the development of health-related problems in people who work.2 The field also speaks to ways to effect workplace changes that benefit worker health without adversely affecting productivity.
OHP researchers and practitioners are concerned with a variety of psychosocial work characteristics that may be related to physical and mental health problems. The physical health problems range from accidental injury to cardiovascular disease. The mental health problems include psychological distress burnout and depression. OHP researchers and practitioners are also concerned with relation of psychosocial working conditions to health behaviors (e.g. smoking and alcohol consumption) and workplace morale (e.g. job satisfaction). Examples of psychosocial workplace characteristics that OHP researchers have linked to health outcomes include decision latitude and psychological workload3 as well as the extent to which supervisors4 and co-workers5 are supportive. Another topic of great concern to occupational health psychology is the problem of carryover of deleterious workplace experiences to the worker's home life.6 Given its roots occupational health OHP is also concerned with factors that affect workplace safety7 and accident risk.8 In addition occupational health psychologists document the adverse impact of deteriorating economic conditions and identify ways to mitigate that impact.9
Two professional organizations closely linked to OHP are the Society for Occupational Health Psychology (SOHP) and the European Academy of Occupational Health Psychology (EA-OHP). Two important OHP journals are the Journal of Occupational Health Psychology (JOHP) and Work & Stress (W & S). The journals are associated with the two OHP organizations (JOHP with SOHP; W & S with EA-0HP).
OHP researchers and practitioners also consult a variety of other periodicals including but not limited to Social Science & Medicine the Journal of Applied Psychology the Journal of Organizational Behavior the Journal of Health and Social Behavior the Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health the Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology (originally published as the Journal of Occupational Psychology) the American Journal of Public Health Organizational Research Methods Occupational Medicine the European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology Psychosomatic Medicine the Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (originally published as the Journal of Occupational Medicine) Occupational and Environmental Medicine and Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. The diversity in journals consulted by OHP professionals underlines the interdisciplinary character of OHP. Contents 1 Historical overview 2 Avenues of OHP research 2.1 Research methods 2.2 Job stress and cardiovascular disease 2.3 Adverse working conditions and economic insecurity linked to psychological distress reduced job satisfaction and ill health 2.4 Work and mental disorder 2.5 Workplace interventions 2.6 Workplace incivility and violence 3 See also 4 Doctoral programs in OHP 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links // Historical overview
A number of individuals contributed to the foundation of OHP. The Industrial Revolution in the nineteenth century prompted thinkers to concern themselves with the nature of work. For example Karl Marx's10 theory of alienation of the industrial worker has b
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Welcome to the website for the Centre for Occupational and Health Psychology at Cardiff University Centre for Occupational and Health Psychology Cardiff University 63 Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AS Andy Smith Director
http://www.cf.ac.uk/psych/home2/AllenP/unitwebsite/home/home.html
Occupational health psychology - Psychology Wiki
Occupational health psychology (OHP) is concerned with the psychosocial characteristics of workplaces that contribute to the development of health ...
Occupational health psychology (OHP) is concerned with the psychosocial characteristics of workplaces that contribute to the development of health ...
een influential. Frederick Winslow Taylor's Principles of Scientific Management11 and Elton Mayos research on workers at the Hawthorne Western Electric plant12 helped to inject work and its impact on workers into the subject matter psychology addresses. The creation in 1948 of the Institute for Social Research (ISR) at the University of Michigan was an important stimulus to research on work and health because of the institute's interdisciplinary character. Many psychological and sociological studies of work were initiated by researchers at the ISR.131415 Other pioneering work by Kasl and Cobb (1971) which documented the impact of unemployment on blood pressure16 influenced the emergence of OHP in at least two respects. First their study showed that a work-related psychosocial stressor can affect a physical condition. Second the study demonstrated that rigorous methods can be applied to the study of the impact of psychosocial work factors on an aspect of health.
In addition to the above mentioned research which was conducted in the United States research conducted in Europe also played an important role in laying the foundation for OHP. Trist and Bamforth's (1951) research which showed that the reduction in autonomy that accompanied organizational changes in English mining operations affected worker morale17 was very influential in later OHP circles. Gardell's study which examined the impact of work organization on mental health in Swedish pulp and paper mill workers and engineers18 was also influential. It was one of the few studies to operationalize the concept of worker alienation.
In 1986 the term occupational health psychology first appeared in print when George Everly Jr. used the expression in a book chapter1 devoted to integrating the fields of occupational health and psychology. The field of OHP advanced when the journal Work & Stress was founded in 1987. OHP advanced further when in 1990 the American Psychological Association (APA) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) jointly organized an international conference in Washington DC devoted to work stress and health. Ever since the initial conference APA and NIOSH have organized work stress and health conferences that convened in two- to three-year cycles. In the 1990s APA and NIOSH began to provide seed money for the development of OHP graduate programs. By 1996 the Journal of Occupational Health Psychology (JOHP) was founded. It is published by APA. In the late 1990s the coverage of the journal Work & Stress in response to the development of the field of occupational health psychology expanded beyond its original concentration to cover OHP more broadly.19
In 1999 the European Academy of Occupational Health Psychology (EA-OHP) was established.20 The EA-OHP initiated its own series of international conferences on the psychological aspects of work and health. In 2005 the Society for Occupational Health Psychology (SOHP) was founded.21 Work & Stress became associated with the EA-OHP. The JOHP became associated with the SOHP although it is still published by APA. In 2008 SOHP became a full partner with APA and NIOSH in organizing the by then biennial Work Stress and Health conferences. Also in 2008 the EA-OHP and the SOHP began to coordinate activities (e.g. conference schedules).2223
For more details on the historical development of OHP see Barling and Griffiths's (2002) fine overview of the history of the discipline.24 Avenues of OHP research
The purpose of this section is not to provide an exhaustive survey of OHP research. A short entry in Wikipedia cannot do that. Rather the section serves to show the breadth of OHP research and a number of important questions OHP research addresses. In the sections below the reader can observe that OHP research examines the impact of work on both physical and mental well-being. Knowledge derived from this research helps researchers and practitioners devise means for improving the lives of people who work. Research methods
Before examining some of the main avenues of OHP research it should be noted that occupational health psychologists commonly employ a number of different research methods. Like researchers in many branches of psychology OHP investigators employ cross-sectional designs. Cross-sectional studies are often the first to show th
In addition to the above mentioned research which was conducted in the United States research conducted in Europe also played an important role in laying the foundation for OHP. Trist and Bamforth's (1951) research which showed that the reduction in autonomy that accompanied organizational changes in English mining operations affected worker morale17 was very influential in later OHP circles. Gardell's study which examined the impact of work organization on mental health in Swedish pulp and paper mill workers and engineers18 was also influential. It was one of the few studies to operationalize the concept of worker alienation.
In 1986 the term occupational health psychology first appeared in print when George Everly Jr. used the expression in a book chapter1 devoted to integrating the fields of occupational health and psychology. The field of OHP advanced when the journal Work & Stress was founded in 1987. OHP advanced further when in 1990 the American Psychological Association (APA) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) jointly organized an international conference in Washington DC devoted to work stress and health. Ever since the initial conference APA and NIOSH have organized work stress and health conferences that convened in two- to three-year cycles. In the 1990s APA and NIOSH began to provide seed money for the development of OHP graduate programs. By 1996 the Journal of Occupational Health Psychology (JOHP) was founded. It is published by APA. In the late 1990s the coverage of the journal Work & Stress in response to the development of the field of occupational health psychology expanded beyond its original concentration to cover OHP more broadly.19
In 1999 the European Academy of Occupational Health Psychology (EA-OHP) was established.20 The EA-OHP initiated its own series of international conferences on the psychological aspects of work and health. In 2005 the Society for Occupational Health Psychology (SOHP) was founded.21 Work & Stress became associated with the EA-OHP. The JOHP became associated with the SOHP although it is still published by APA. In 2008 SOHP became a full partner with APA and NIOSH in organizing the by then biennial Work Stress and Health conferences. Also in 2008 the EA-OHP and the SOHP began to coordinate activities (e.g. conference schedules).2223
For more details on the historical development of OHP see Barling and Griffiths's (2002) fine overview of the history of the discipline.24 Avenues of OHP research
The purpose of this section is not to provide an exhaustive survey of OHP research. A short entry in Wikipedia cannot do that. Rather the section serves to show the breadth of OHP research and a number of important questions OHP research addresses. In the sections below the reader can observe that OHP research examines the impact of work on both physical and mental well-being. Knowledge derived from this research helps researchers and practitioners devise means for improving the lives of people who work. Research methods
Before examining some of the main avenues of OHP research it should be noted that occupational health psychologists commonly employ a number of different research methods. Like researchers in many branches of psychology OHP investigators employ cross-sectional designs. Cross-sectional studies are often the first to show th
Solving healthcare problems through healthy competition
After four weeks of work, UQ’s top three interprofessional teams of health students will come together to compete as part of the annual University of Queensland HealthFusion Team Challenge (UQ HFTC).
After four weeks of work, UQ’s top three interprofessional teams of health students will come together to compete as part of the annual University of Queensland HealthFusion Team Challenge (UQ HFTC).
http://www.usq.edu.au/users/machin
Health psychology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
[edit] Relationship to occupational health psychology. A separate but ... For more detail on OHP, see the section on occupational health psychology. ...
[edit] Relationship to occupational health psychology. A separate but ... For more detail on OHP, see the section on occupational health psychology. ...
at a workplace factor and a dimension of health covary; such studies however cannot establish the presence of a cause-effect relation. OHP research also employs longitudinal designs research designs that can be helpful in examining the temporal relation between among a workplace stressor and health or well-being. Experimental and quasi-experimental designs are found in intervention research.
Quantitative methods applied to the above research designs include correlation multiple linear regression (MLR) and the analysis of variance. OHP researchers use logistic regression when the outcome variables they study are binary in nature such as disease endpoints. Other methods that are commonly employed by OHP researchers include structural equation modeling25 and hierarchical linear modeling26 (HLM; also known as multilevel modeling). Compared to traditional statistical methods such as MLR and the analysis of variance HLM is particularly helpful in research on the impact of psychosocial workplace factors on health outcomes because HLM can better accommodate similarities among people found within the same economic units.26 In comparison to MLR and repeated measures analyses of variance HLM is also helpful in longitudinal research on the lagged impact of work stressors on health outcomes because HLM can help minimize censoring (e.g. the loss of subjects from analyses because they participated in some but not all of a study's data-collection periods).27
OHP investigators have also employed qualitative methods. These include workers' unconstrained self-reported written descriptions of stressful incidents at work;28 interviews that allow the worker to describe the job experience as he or she views that experience;29 focus groups30 (which in effect are group interviews); first-hand observation of workers on the job without the investigator obtaining the job targeted for study;31 and participant observation32 research in which an investigator obtains the job targeted for study and describes the work "from the inside." Job stress and cardiovascular disease
A number of well-known factors are related to increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). These risk factors include smoking obesity low density lipoprotein (the "bad" cholesterol) lack of exercise and blood pressure among others. Using two large U.S. data sets Murphy (1991) found that hazardous work situations jobs that required vigilance and responsibility for others and work that required attention to devices were related to increased risk for cardiovascular disability.33 These included jobs in transportation (e.g. air traffic controllers airline pilots bus drivers locomotive engineers truck drivers) preschool teachers and craftsmen.
Among 30 studies involving men34 and women35 most have found an association between workplace stressors and CVD. In regard to the concept of job strain which reflects the combination of low work-related decision latitude and high workload3 Fredikson Sundin and Frankenhaeuser (1985) found evidence that job strain increased activity in the sympathoadrenomedullary and adrenocortical axes.36 Belki et al. (2000)37 found that many of the 30 studies mentioned above indicated that decision latitude and psychological workload exerted independent effects on CVD; two studies found synergistic effects consistent with the strictest version of the strain model.3839 A review of 17 longitudinal studies having reasonably high internal validity found that 8 showed a significant relation between job strain and CVD and 3 more showed a nonsignificant relation.40 The findings however were clearer for men than for women on whom data were more sparse.
An alternative model of job stress is the effort-reward imbalance model.41 That model holds that high work-related effort coupled with low control over job-related intrinsic (e.g. recognition) and extrinsic (e.g. pay) rewards triggers high levels of activation in neurohormonal pathways that cumulatively are thought to exert adverse effects on cardiovascular health. At least five studies of men have linked effort-reward imbalance with CVD.42 Adverse working conditions and economic insecurity linked to psychological distress reduced job satisfaction and ill health
A number of well-designed longitudinal studies have adduced evidence for the view that adverse working conditions contr
Quantitative methods applied to the above research designs include correlation multiple linear regression (MLR) and the analysis of variance. OHP researchers use logistic regression when the outcome variables they study are binary in nature such as disease endpoints. Other methods that are commonly employed by OHP researchers include structural equation modeling25 and hierarchical linear modeling26 (HLM; also known as multilevel modeling). Compared to traditional statistical methods such as MLR and the analysis of variance HLM is particularly helpful in research on the impact of psychosocial workplace factors on health outcomes because HLM can better accommodate similarities among people found within the same economic units.26 In comparison to MLR and repeated measures analyses of variance HLM is also helpful in longitudinal research on the lagged impact of work stressors on health outcomes because HLM can help minimize censoring (e.g. the loss of subjects from analyses because they participated in some but not all of a study's data-collection periods).27
OHP investigators have also employed qualitative methods. These include workers' unconstrained self-reported written descriptions of stressful incidents at work;28 interviews that allow the worker to describe the job experience as he or she views that experience;29 focus groups30 (which in effect are group interviews); first-hand observation of workers on the job without the investigator obtaining the job targeted for study;31 and participant observation32 research in which an investigator obtains the job targeted for study and describes the work "from the inside." Job stress and cardiovascular disease
A number of well-known factors are related to increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). These risk factors include smoking obesity low density lipoprotein (the "bad" cholesterol) lack of exercise and blood pressure among others. Using two large U.S. data sets Murphy (1991) found that hazardous work situations jobs that required vigilance and responsibility for others and work that required attention to devices were related to increased risk for cardiovascular disability.33 These included jobs in transportation (e.g. air traffic controllers airline pilots bus drivers locomotive engineers truck drivers) preschool teachers and craftsmen.
Among 30 studies involving men34 and women35 most have found an association between workplace stressors and CVD. In regard to the concept of job strain which reflects the combination of low work-related decision latitude and high workload3 Fredikson Sundin and Frankenhaeuser (1985) found evidence that job strain increased activity in the sympathoadrenomedullary and adrenocortical axes.36 Belki et al. (2000)37 found that many of the 30 studies mentioned above indicated that decision latitude and psychological workload exerted independent effects on CVD; two studies found synergistic effects consistent with the strictest version of the strain model.3839 A review of 17 longitudinal studies having reasonably high internal validity found that 8 showed a significant relation between job strain and CVD and 3 more showed a nonsignificant relation.40 The findings however were clearer for men than for women on whom data were more sparse.
An alternative model of job stress is the effort-reward imbalance model.41 That model holds that high work-related effort coupled with low control over job-related intrinsic (e.g. recognition) and extrinsic (e.g. pay) rewards triggers high levels of activation in neurohormonal pathways that cumulatively are thought to exert adverse effects on cardiovascular health. At least five studies of men have linked effort-reward imbalance with CVD.42 Adverse working conditions and economic insecurity linked to psychological distress reduced job satisfaction and ill health
A number of well-designed longitudinal studies have adduced evidence for the view that adverse working conditions contr
and a second supervisor to provide support and guidance We encourage our postgraduates to engage with the wider University as well as the national and international research communities PhD students belongs to one of the three research groups Occupational Health Psychology Health and Clinical Psychology and Organisational and Social Psychology For details of each of the
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Occupational Health Psychology. Welcome to the European Academy of Occupational Health Psychology: the European representative body for the discipline. ...
Occupational Health Psychology. Welcome to the European Academy of Occupational Health Psychology: the European representative body for the discipline. ...
ibute to the development of psychological distress. Before turning to those studies the reader should note that psychological distress refers to feelings of demoralization that are aversive to people and often drive them to seek professional help without the individuals necessarily meeting criteria for a psychiatric disorder.4344 Psychological distress is often expressed in affective (depressive) symptoms psychophysical or psychosomatic symptoms (e.g. headaches stomachaches etc.) and anxiety symptoms. The relation of adverse working conditions to psychological distress is thus an important avenue of research. Job satisfaction is included in this section because it is a key variable in a great deal of research on organizations and is related to a host of health outcomes.4546
Parkes (1982)47 conducted one of the methodologically soundest studies of the relation of working conditions to psychological distress in British student nurses. She found that in this "natural experiment" student nurses experienced higher levels of distress and lower levels of job satisfaction in medical wards than in surgical wards; compared to surgical wards medical wards make greater affective demands on the nurses. In another methodologically sound study Frese (1985)48 showed that objective working conditions give rise to subjective stress and psychosomatic symptoms in blue collar German workers. In addition to the above studies a number of other well-controlled longitudinal studies have implicated work stressors in the development of psychological distress and reduced job satisfaction.49505152
There is also increasing interest in the OHP community in (a) understanding the impact of the latest economic crisis on individuals' physical and mental health and well-being and (b) calling attention to personal and organizational means for ameliorating the impact of the crisis.9 OHP-related research has shown a relation between job loss and cardiovascular health53 and health in general.54 Mounting evidence indicates that persistent job insecurity even in the absence of job loss is related worse overall health as well as higher levels of depressive symptoms.55 Work and mental disorder
Using data from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study Eaton Anthony Mandel and Garrison (1990) found that members of three occupational groups lawyers secretaries and special education teachers (but not other types of teachers) showed elevated rates of DSM-III major depression adjusting for social demographic factors.56 The ECA study involved representative samples of American adults from five cities providing relatively unbiased estimates of the risk of mental disorder by occupation; however because the data were cross-sectional no conclusions bearing on cause-and-effect relations are warranted. Evidence from a Canadian prospective study however indicates that individuals in the highest quartile of occupational stress are at increased risk for an episode of major depression.57 Another study based on the ECA found high rates of alcohol abuse and dependence in the construction and transportation industries as well as among waiters and waitresses controlling for sociodemographic factors.58 Within the transportation sector heavy truck drivers and material movers were at especially high risk. A prospective study of ECA subjects who were followed one year after the initial interviews provided data on newly incident cases of alcohol abuse and dependence.59 The study found that workers in jobs that combined low control with high physical demands were at increased risk of developing alcohol problems although the findings were confined to men.
In a case-control study Link Dohrenwend and Skodol found that compared to depressed and well control subjects schizophrenic patients were more likely to have had jobs prior to their first episode of the disorder that exposed them to noisesome work characteristics (e.g. noise humidity heat cold etc.).60 The jobs tended to be of higher status than other blue collar jobs suggesting that downward drift in already-affected individuals does not account for the finding. One explanation involving a diathesis-stress model suggests that the job-related stressors helped precipitate the first episode in already-vulnerable individuals. There is some support for the finding from the ECA data.61 Workplace intervention
Parkes (1982)47 conducted one of the methodologically soundest studies of the relation of working conditions to psychological distress in British student nurses. She found that in this "natural experiment" student nurses experienced higher levels of distress and lower levels of job satisfaction in medical wards than in surgical wards; compared to surgical wards medical wards make greater affective demands on the nurses. In another methodologically sound study Frese (1985)48 showed that objective working conditions give rise to subjective stress and psychosomatic symptoms in blue collar German workers. In addition to the above studies a number of other well-controlled longitudinal studies have implicated work stressors in the development of psychological distress and reduced job satisfaction.49505152
There is also increasing interest in the OHP community in (a) understanding the impact of the latest economic crisis on individuals' physical and mental health and well-being and (b) calling attention to personal and organizational means for ameliorating the impact of the crisis.9 OHP-related research has shown a relation between job loss and cardiovascular health53 and health in general.54 Mounting evidence indicates that persistent job insecurity even in the absence of job loss is related worse overall health as well as higher levels of depressive symptoms.55 Work and mental disorder
Using data from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study Eaton Anthony Mandel and Garrison (1990) found that members of three occupational groups lawyers secretaries and special education teachers (but not other types of teachers) showed elevated rates of DSM-III major depression adjusting for social demographic factors.56 The ECA study involved representative samples of American adults from five cities providing relatively unbiased estimates of the risk of mental disorder by occupation; however because the data were cross-sectional no conclusions bearing on cause-and-effect relations are warranted. Evidence from a Canadian prospective study however indicates that individuals in the highest quartile of occupational stress are at increased risk for an episode of major depression.57 Another study based on the ECA found high rates of alcohol abuse and dependence in the construction and transportation industries as well as among waiters and waitresses controlling for sociodemographic factors.58 Within the transportation sector heavy truck drivers and material movers were at especially high risk. A prospective study of ECA subjects who were followed one year after the initial interviews provided data on newly incident cases of alcohol abuse and dependence.59 The study found that workers in jobs that combined low control with high physical demands were at increased risk of developing alcohol problems although the findings were confined to men.
In a case-control study Link Dohrenwend and Skodol found that compared to depressed and well control subjects schizophrenic patients were more likely to have had jobs prior to their first episode of the disorder that exposed them to noisesome work characteristics (e.g. noise humidity heat cold etc.).60 The jobs tended to be of higher status than other blue collar jobs suggesting that downward drift in already-affected individuals does not account for the finding. One explanation involving a diathesis-stress model suggests that the job-related stressors helped precipitate the first episode in already-vulnerable individuals. There is some support for the finding from the ECA data.61 Workplace intervention
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Welcome to the Occupational Health Psychology (OHP) Homepage. ... This is what the new field of Occupational Health Psychology (OHP) is all about. ...
Welcome to the Occupational Health Psychology (OHP) Homepage. ... This is what the new field of Occupational Health Psychology (OHP) is all about. ...
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OHP interventions often concern both the health of the individual and the health of the organization. Adkins (1999) described the development of one such intervention an organizational health center (OHC) at a California industrial complex.62 The OHC helped to improve both organizational and individual health as well as help workers manage job stress. Innovations included labor-management partnerships suicide risk reduction (there had previously been elevated suicide risk at the complex) conflict mediation and occupational mental health support. OHC practitioners also coordinated their services with previously underutilized local community services in the same city thus reducing redundancy in service delivery.
Hugentobler Israel and Schurman (1992) detailed a different multi-layered intervention in a mid-sized Michigan manufacturing plant.63 The hub of the intervention was the Stress and Wellness Committee (SWC) which solicited ideas from workers on ways to improve both their well-being and productivity. Innovations the SWC developed included improvements that ensured two-way communication between workers and management and reduction in stress resulting from diminished conflict over issues of quantity versus quality. Both the interventions described by Adkins and Hugentobler et al. had a positive impact on productivity.
OHP has played a role in interventions employed in very difficult work-related circumstances. The Mental Health Advisory Teams of the United States Army employ OHP-related interventions with combat troops.6465 OHP also has a role to play in interventions aimed at helping first responders.6667
Schmitt (2007) described three different highly focused and modestly scaled successful OHP interventions that helped workers abstain from smoking exercise more frequently and shed weight.68 Other even less expensive yet successful OHP interventions include a campaign to improve the rates of hand washing an effort to get workers to walk more often and a drive to get employees to be more compliant with regard to taking prescribed medicines.69 The interventions tended reduce organization health-care costs.
Currently there are efforts under way at NIOSH to help reduce the incidence of preventable disorders (e.g. sleep apnea) among heavy-truck and tractor-trailer drivers and concomitantly the life-threatening accidents to which the disorders lead70 and improve the health and safety of workers who are assigned to shift work or who work long hours.71 Workplace incivility and violence
Workplace incivility has been defined as "low-intensity deviant behavior with ambiguous intent to harm the target....Uncivil behaviors are characteristically rude and discourteous displaying a lack of regard for others" (p. 457)72 Incivility is distinct from violence. Examples of workplace incivility include insulting comments denigration of the target's work spreading false rumors social isolation etc. A summary of research conducted in Europe suggests that workplace incivility is common there.73 In research on more than 1000 U. S. civil service workers Cortina Magley Williams and Langhout (2001) found that more than 70% of the sample experienced workplace incivility in the past five years.73 Compared to men women were more exposed to incivility; incivility was associated with psychological distress and reduced job satisfaction.
OHP is also concerned with work-related violence. According to figures from the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics in 1996 there were 927 work-associated homicides74 in a labor force that numbered approximately 132616000.75 The rate works out to be about 7 homicides per million workers for the one year. Although one work-related homicide is too many work-related homicide is relatively rare. Workplace assault is much more prevalent. Assaultive behavior in the workplace often produces injury psychological distress and economic loss.
One study of California workers found a rate of 72.9 non-fatal officially documented assaults per 100000 workers per year with workers in the education retail and health care sectors subject to excess risk.76 A Minnesota workers' compensation study found that women workers had a twofold higher risk than men and health and social service workers transit workers and members of the education sector were at high risk compared to worker
OHP interventions often concern both the health of the individual and the health of the organization. Adkins (1999) described the development of one such intervention an organizational health center (OHC) at a California industrial complex.62 The OHC helped to improve both organizational and individual health as well as help workers manage job stress. Innovations included labor-management partnerships suicide risk reduction (there had previously been elevated suicide risk at the complex) conflict mediation and occupational mental health support. OHC practitioners also coordinated their services with previously underutilized local community services in the same city thus reducing redundancy in service delivery.
Hugentobler Israel and Schurman (1992) detailed a different multi-layered intervention in a mid-sized Michigan manufacturing plant.63 The hub of the intervention was the Stress and Wellness Committee (SWC) which solicited ideas from workers on ways to improve both their well-being and productivity. Innovations the SWC developed included improvements that ensured two-way communication between workers and management and reduction in stress resulting from diminished conflict over issues of quantity versus quality. Both the interventions described by Adkins and Hugentobler et al. had a positive impact on productivity.
OHP has played a role in interventions employed in very difficult work-related circumstances. The Mental Health Advisory Teams of the United States Army employ OHP-related interventions with combat troops.6465 OHP also has a role to play in interventions aimed at helping first responders.6667
Schmitt (2007) described three different highly focused and modestly scaled successful OHP interventions that helped workers abstain from smoking exercise more frequently and shed weight.68 Other even less expensive yet successful OHP interventions include a campaign to improve the rates of hand washing an effort to get workers to walk more often and a drive to get employees to be more compliant with regard to taking prescribed medicines.69 The interventions tended reduce organization health-care costs.
Currently there are efforts under way at NIOSH to help reduce the incidence of preventable disorders (e.g. sleep apnea) among heavy-truck and tractor-trailer drivers and concomitantly the life-threatening accidents to which the disorders lead70 and improve the health and safety of workers who are assigned to shift work or who work long hours.71 Workplace incivility and violence
Workplace incivility has been defined as "low-intensity deviant behavior with ambiguous intent to harm the target....Uncivil behaviors are characteristically rude and discourteous displaying a lack of regard for others" (p. 457)72 Incivility is distinct from violence. Examples of workplace incivility include insulting comments denigration of the target's work spreading false rumors social isolation etc. A summary of research conducted in Europe suggests that workplace incivility is common there.73 In research on more than 1000 U. S. civil service workers Cortina Magley Williams and Langhout (2001) found that more than 70% of the sample experienced workplace incivility in the past five years.73 Compared to men women were more exposed to incivility; incivility was associated with psychological distress and reduced job satisfaction.
OHP is also concerned with work-related violence. According to figures from the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics in 1996 there were 927 work-associated homicides74 in a labor force that numbered approximately 132616000.75 The rate works out to be about 7 homicides per million workers for the one year. Although one work-related homicide is too many work-related homicide is relatively rare. Workplace assault is much more prevalent. Assaultive behavior in the workplace often produces injury psychological distress and economic loss.
One study of California workers found a rate of 72.9 non-fatal officially documented assaults per 100000 workers per year with workers in the education retail and health care sectors subject to excess risk.76 A Minnesota workers' compensation study found that women workers had a twofold higher risk than men and health and social service workers transit workers and members of the education sector were at high risk compared to worker
AOM 2004 symposium organized by then student Johannes Rank USF reception at SIOP 2006 in Dallas Society for Occupational Health Psychology reception at SIOP 2006 Dallas Society for Occupational Health Psychology reception at SIOP 2006 Dallas
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Journal of Occupational Health Psychology
Journal of Occupational Health Psychology publishes research, theory, and public policy articles in occupational health psychology, an interdisciplinary ...
Journal of Occupational Health Psychology publishes research, theory, and public policy articles in occupational health psychology, an interdisciplinary ...
s in other economic sectors.77 A West Virginia workers' compensation study found that workers in the health care sector and to a lesser extent the education sector were at elevated risk for assault-related injury.78 Another workers' compensation study found that excessively high rates of assault-related injury in schools healthcare and to a lesser extent banking.79 In addition to the physical injury that results from being a victim of workplace violence individuals who witness such violence without being directly victimized are at increased risk for experiencing adverse effects as found in a study of Los Angeles teachers.80 Although the dimensions of the problem of workplace violence vary by economic sector one sector education has had some limited success in introducing programmatic psychologically-based efforts to reduce the level of violence.81 OHP research suggests that there continue to be difficulties in successfully "screening out applicants for jobs who may be prone to engaging in aggressive behavior"82 suggesting that anti-aggression training of existing employees may be an alternative to screening. There have not however been enough rigorously evaluated studies of the effectiveness of training programs aimed at reducing workplace violence.83 The reduction of workplace incivility and the curtailing of job-related violence are fertile areas for further OHP research.
See also
Applied psychology
Ergonomics
European Academy of Occupational Health Psychology
Health psychology
Industrial hygiene
Industrial/organizational psychology
Occupational safety and health
Society for Occupational Health Psychology
Stress (biology)
Work-life balance
Workplace safety
Workplace stress
Doctoral programs in OHP
Universities in the U. S. Bowling Green State University Clemson University; also see pages 5-6 of volume 8 of the Newsletter of the SOHP Colorado State University; also see pages 56 of volume 4 of the Newsletter of the SOHP Kansas State University Portland State University; also see pages 810 of volume 5 of the Newsletter of the SOHP University of California Los Angeles University of Connecticut; also see pages 8-10 of volume 6 of the Newsletter of the SOHP University of Houston; also see pages 1011 of volume 7 of the Newsletter of the SOHP University of Minnesota University of South Florida; also see page 5 of volume 3 of the Newsletter of the SOHP University of Texas at Austin
Universities in Europe University of Nottingham References a b Everly G. S. Jr. (1986). An introduction to occupational health psychology. In P. A. Keller & L. G. Ritt (Eds.) Innovations in clinical practice: A source book Vol. 5 (pp. 331-338). Sarasota FL: Professional Resource Exchange. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (2009) Occupational health psychology. 1 a b Karasek R. A. (1979). Job demands job decision latitude and mental strain: Implications for job redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly 24 285-307. Moyle P. (1998). Longitudinal influences of managerial support on employee well-being. Work & Stress 12 29-49. Beehr T. A. Jex S. M. Stacy B. A. & Murray M. A. (2000). Work stressors and coworker support as predictors of individual strain and job performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior 21 391 405 Haines V. Y. III Marchand A. & Harvey S. (2006). Crossover of workplace aggression experiences in dual-earner couples. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 11 305-314. Jonathon R. B. (2010). The role of exhaustion and workarounds in predicting occupational injuries: A cross-lagged panel study of health care professionals. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 15 1-16. ONeill O. A. Vandenberg R. J. DeJoy D M. & Wilson M. G. (2009). Exploring relationships among anger perceived organizational support and workplace outcomes. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 14 318-333. a b Probst T. M. & Sears L. E. (2009). Stress during the financial crisis. Newsletter of the Society for Occupational Health Psychology 5 3-4. 2 Marx K. (1967/1845). The German ideology. In L. D. Easton & K. H. L. Guddat (Eds. and Trans.) Writings of the young Marx on philosophy and society. Garden City NY: Doubleday. Taylor F. W. (1911). Principles of Scientific Management. Norwood MA: The Plimpton Press. Mayo E. (1933) The human problems of an industrial civi
Universities in the U. S. Bowling Green State University Clemson University; also see pages 5-6 of volume 8 of the Newsletter of the SOHP Colorado State University; also see pages 56 of volume 4 of the Newsletter of the SOHP Kansas State University Portland State University; also see pages 810 of volume 5 of the Newsletter of the SOHP University of California Los Angeles University of Connecticut; also see pages 8-10 of volume 6 of the Newsletter of the SOHP University of Houston; also see pages 1011 of volume 7 of the Newsletter of the SOHP University of Minnesota University of South Florida; also see page 5 of volume 3 of the Newsletter of the SOHP University of Texas at Austin
Universities in Europe University of Nottingham References a b Everly G. S. Jr. (1986). An introduction to occupational health psychology. In P. A. Keller & L. G. Ritt (Eds.) Innovations in clinical practice: A source book Vol. 5 (pp. 331-338). Sarasota FL: Professional Resource Exchange. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (2009) Occupational health psychology. 1 a b Karasek R. A. (1979). Job demands job decision latitude and mental strain: Implications for job redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly 24 285-307. Moyle P. (1998). Longitudinal influences of managerial support on employee well-being. Work & Stress 12 29-49. Beehr T. A. Jex S. M. Stacy B. A. & Murray M. A. (2000). Work stressors and coworker support as predictors of individual strain and job performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior 21 391 405 Haines V. Y. III Marchand A. & Harvey S. (2006). Crossover of workplace aggression experiences in dual-earner couples. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 11 305-314. Jonathon R. B. (2010). The role of exhaustion and workarounds in predicting occupational injuries: A cross-lagged panel study of health care professionals. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 15 1-16. ONeill O. A. Vandenberg R. J. DeJoy D M. & Wilson M. G. (2009). Exploring relationships among anger perceived organizational support and workplace outcomes. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 14 318-333. a b Probst T. M. & Sears L. E. (2009). Stress during the financial crisis. Newsletter of the Society for Occupational Health Psychology 5 3-4. 2 Marx K. (1967/1845). The German ideology. In L. D. Easton & K. H. L. Guddat (Eds. and Trans.) Writings of the young Marx on philosophy and society. Garden City NY: Doubleday. Taylor F. W. (1911). Principles of Scientific Management. Norwood MA: The Plimpton Press. Mayo E. (1933) The human problems of an industrial civi
USF reception at SIOP 2006 in Dallas Society for Occupational Health Psychology reception at SIOP 2006 Dallas Society for Occupational Health Psychology reception at SIOP 2006 Dallas Academy of Management 2006 Atlanta OB Division reception
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NIOSH/Occupational Health Psychology-redirector
The NIOSH/Occupational Health Psychology page has moved. The new location is http://www. ... Content Source: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) ...
The NIOSH/Occupational Health Psychology page has moved. The new location is http://www. ... Content Source: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) ...
lization. New York: MacMillan.
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Hammer L. B. & Schonfeld I. S. (2007). The historical development of the Society for Occupational Health Psychology (SOHP). Newsletter of the Society for Occupational Health Psychology 1 2. 4
Schonfeld I. S. & Houdmont J. (2008). EA-OHP summit meeting. The Occupational Health Psychologist 5 4-5. 5
Barnes-Farrell J. (2009). Meeting of the International Coordinating Group for Occupational Health Psychology (ICG-OHP). Newsletter of the Society for Occupational Health Psychology 5 14. 6
Barling J. & Griffiths A. (2002). A history of occupational health psychology. In J. C. Quick & L. E. Tetrick (Eds.) Handbook of occupational health psychology (pp. 19-33). Washington DC: APA Books.
Hayduk L.A. (1987). Structural equations modeling with lisrel. Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
a b Raudenbush S. W. & Bryk A. S. (2001). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods (2nd ed.). Newbury Park CA: Sage.
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Keenan A. & Newton T. J. (1985). Stressful events stressors and psychological strains in young professional engineers. Journal of Occupational Behaviour 6 151-156.
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Kainan A. (1994). Staffroom grumblings as expressed teachers' vocation. Teaching and Teachers Education 10 281-290.
Palmer C. E. (1983). A note about paramedics' strategies for dealing with death and dying. Journal of Occupational Psychology 56 83-86.
Murphy L. R. (1991). Job dimensions associated with severe disability due to cardiovascular disease. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 44 155 166.
Belki K. et al. (2000). Psychosocial factors: Review of the empirical data among men. Occupational Medicine: State of the Art Reviews 15 24-46. 7
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Hallqvist J. et al. (1998). Is the effect of job strain on myocardial infarction due to interaction between high psychological demands and low decision latitude Results from Stockholm Heart Epidemiology Program (SHEEP). Social Science and Medicine 461405-1415.
Johnson J. V. & Hall E. M. (1988). Job strain workplace social support and cardiovascular disease: A cross-sectional study of a random
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Occupational Health Psychology Training Program
Occupational Health Psychology (OHP) concerns the application of psychology to ... The term "Occupational Health Psychology" was first mentioned in American Psychologist in ...
Occupational Health Psychology (OHP) concerns the application of psychology to ... The term "Occupational Health Psychology" was first mentioned in American Psychologist in ...
sample of the Swedish working population. American Journal of Public Health 78 1336-1342.
Belkic K. L. Landsbergis P. A. Schnall P. L. & Baker D. (2004). Is job strain a source of major cardiovascular risk Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health 3085-128.
Siegrist J. & Peter R. (1994). Job stressors and coping characteristics in work-related disease: Issues of validity. Work & Stress 8 130-140.
Landsbergis P. et al. (2003). The workplace and cardiovascular disease: Relevance and potential role for occupational health psychology. In J. C. Quick & L. E. Tetrick (Eds.) Handbook of occupational health psychology (pp. 265-287). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
Dohrenwend B. P. Shrout P. E. Egri G. & Mendelsohn F. S. (1980). Nonspecific psychological distress and other dimensions of psychopathology: Measures for use in the general population. Archives of General Psychiatry 37 1229-1236.
Frank J. D. (1973). Persuasion and healing. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press.
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House J. S. (1974). Occupational stress and coronary heart disease: A review and theoretical integration. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 15 12-27.
Parkes K. R. (1982). Occupational stress among student nurses: A natural experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology 67 784-796.
Frese M. (1985). Stress at work and psychosomatic complaints: A causal interpretation. Journal of Applied Psychology 70 314-328.
Carayon P. (1992). A longitudinal study of job design and worker strain: Preliminary results. In J.C. Quick L.R. Murphy and J.J. Hurrell Jr. (Eds.) Work and well-being: Assessments and instruments for occupational mental health (pp. 19-32). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
Dormann C. & Zapf D. (2002). Social stressors at work irritation and depressive symptoms: Accounting for unmeasured third variables in a multi-wave study. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 75 33-58.
Paterniti S. Niedhammer I. Lang T. & Consoli S. M. (2002). Psychosocial factors at work personality traits and depressive symptoms: Longitudinal results from the GAZEL study. British Journal of Psychiatry 181 111-117.
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Occupational Health Psychology @ University of Houston
Occupational Health Psychology. This minor in Occupational Health Psychology (OHP) consists of 15 credit hours (9 core, 6 elective), and will be ...
Occupational Health Psychology. This minor in Occupational Health Psychology (OHP) consists of 15 credit hours (9 core, 6 elective), and will be ...
-76.
Thomas J. L. (2008). OHP Research and Practice in the US Army: Mental Health Advisory Teams. Newsletter of the Society for Occupational Health Psychology 4 4-5. 11
Genderson M.R. Schonfeld I.S. Kaplan M.S. & Lyons M.J. (2009).Suicide associated with military service. Newsletter of the Society for Occupational Health Psychology 6 5-7. 12
Katz C. (2008). Mental health of 9/11 responders. Newsletter of the Society for Occupational Health Psychology 4 2-3. 13
Arnetz B. (2009). Low-intensity stress in high-stress professionals. Newsletter of the Society for Occupational Health Psychology 7 6-7.14
Schmitt L. (2007). OHP interventions: Wellness programs. Newsletter of the Society for Occupational Health Psychology 1 4-5. 15
Schmitt L. (2008). OHP interventions: Wellness programs (Part 2). Newsletter of the Society for Occupational Health Psychology 2 6-7. 16
Hitchcock E. (2008). NIOSH OHP activities. Newsletter of the Society for Occupational Health Psychology 3 10. 17
Caruso C. (2009). NIOSH OHP activities: Training products for workers who are assigned to shift work or work long work hours. Newsletter of the Society for Occupational Health Psychology 5 16-17. 18
Andersson L. M. & Pearson C. M. (1999). Tit for tat The spiraling effect of incivility in the workplace. Academy of Management Review 24 452-471.
a b Cortina L. M. Magley V. Williams J. H. & Langhout R. D. (2001). Incivility in the workplace: Incidence and impact. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 6 64 80.
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Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2004). Civilian labor force (seasonally adjusted)(LNS11000000). Washington DC: U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics. 20
Peek Asa C. Howard J. Vargas L. Kraus J. F. (1997). Incidence of non-fatal workplace assault injuries determined from employer's reports in California. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 39 44-50.
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Hashemi L. & Webster B. S. (1998). Non-fatal workplace violence workers' compensation claims (1993 1996). Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 40 561-567.
Bloch A. M. (1978). Combat neurosis in inner-city schools. American Journal of Psychiatry 135 11891192.
Schonfeld I.S. (2006). School violence. In E.K. Kelloway J. Barling & J.J. Hurrell Jr. (Eds). Handbook of workplace violence (pp. 169-229). Thousand Oaks CA: Sage Publications. 21
Day A. L & Catano V. M. (2006) Screening and selecting out violent employees. In E.K. Kelloway J. Barling & J.J. Hurrell Jr. (Eds). Handbook of workplace violence (pp. 549-577). Thousand Oaks CA: Sage Publications.
Schat A. C. H. & Kelloway E. K. (2006). Training as a workplace aggression intervention strategy. In E.K. Kelloway J. Barling & J.J. Hurrell Jr. (Eds). Handbook of workplace violence (pp. 579-605). Thousand Oaks CA: Sage Publications.
Further reading
Cohen A. & Margolis B. (1973). Initial psychological research related to the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. American Psychologist 28 600-606.
Everly G. S. Jr. (1986). An introduction to occupational health psychology. In P. A. Keller & L. G. Ritt (Eds.) Innovations in clinical practice: A source book Vol. 5 (pp. 331-338). Sarasota FL: Professional Resource Exchange.
Frese M. (1985). Stress at work and psychosomatic complaints: A causal interpretation. Journal of Applied Psychology 70 314-328.
Karasek R. A. (1979). Job demands job decision latitude and mental strain: Implications for job redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly 24 285-307.
Kasl S. V. (1978). Epidemiological contributions to the study of work stress. In C. L. Cooper & R. L. Payne (Eds.) Stress at work (pp. 338). Chichester UK: Wiley.
Kasl S. V. & Cobb S. (1970). Blood pressure changes in men undergoing job loss: A preliminary report. Psychosomatic Medicine 32 19-38.
Kelloway E.K. Barling
http://www.ea-ohp.org/Conferences/Archive/Dublin2006
J. & Hurrell J.J. Jr. (Eds.) (2006). Handbook of workplace violence. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage Publications.
Leka S. & Houdmont J. (Eds.)(2010). Occupational health psychology. Chichester UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
Parkes K. R. (1982). Occupational stress among student nurses: A natural experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology 67 784-796.
Quick J.C. MurphyL.R. & Hurrell J.J. Jr. (Eds.) (1992). Work and well-being: Assessments and instruments for occupational mental health. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
Quick J. C. & Tetrick L. E. (Eds.). (2003). Handbook of occupational health psychology. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
Raymond J. Wood D. & Patrick W. (1990). Psychology training in work and health. American Psychologist 45 1159-1161.
Sauter S.L. & Murphy L.R. (Eds.) (1995). Organizational risk factors for job stress. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
Siegrist J. (1996). Adverse health effects of high effort-low reward conditions at work. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 1 27-43.
Zapf D. Dormann C. & Frese M. (1996). Longitudinal studies in organizational stress research: A review of the literature with reference to methodological issues. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 1 145-169.
External links
American Psychological Association's Public Interest Directorate
European Academy of Occupational Health Psychology
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health
Journal of Occupational Health Psychology
National Institute of Occupational Health - Norway
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health - USA
National Research Centre for the Working Environment - Denmark
NIOSH Occupational Health Psychology Site
Society for Occupational Health Psychology
Work & Stress
Work Stress and Health 2009: Global Concerns and Approaches (Conference program)
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