Obstetric sonogram of a fetus at 16 weeks. The bright white circle center-right is the head which faces to the left. Features include the forehead at 10 o'clock the left ear toward the center at 7 o'clock and the right hand covering the eyes at 9:00.
Obstetric sonography (ultrasonography) is the application of medical ultrasonography to obstetrics in which sonography is used to visualize the embryo or foetus in its mother's uterus (womb). The procedure is often a standard part of prenatal care as it yields a variety of information regarding the health of the mother and of the fetus as well as regarding the progress of the pregnancy. Contents 1 Types 2 Early pregnancy 3 Dating and growth monitoring 4 Fetal sex determination 5 Ultrasonography of the cervix 6 Abnormality screening 7 History 8 Safety issues 9 See also 10 External links 11 References // Types
Traditional obstetric sonograms are done by placing a transducer (a device that converts one type of energy into another) on the abdomen of the pregnant woman. One variant is a transvaginal sonography is done with a probe placed in the woman's vagina. Transvaginal scans usually provide clearer pictures during early pregnancy and in obese women. Also used is Doppler sonography which detects the heartbeat of the fetus. Doppler sonography can be used to evaluate the pulsations in the fetal heart and bloods vessels
Obstetric sonography (ultrasonography) is the application of medical ultrasonography to obstetrics in which sonography is used to visualize the embryo or foetus in its mother's uterus (womb). The procedure is often a standard part of prenatal care as it yields a variety of information regarding the health of the mother and of the fetus as well as regarding the progress of the pregnancy. Contents 1 Types 2 Early pregnancy 3 Dating and growth monitoring 4 Fetal sex determination 5 Ultrasonography of the cervix 6 Abnormality screening 7 History 8 Safety issues 9 See also 10 External links 11 References // Types
Traditional obstetric sonograms are done by placing a transducer (a device that converts one type of energy into another) on the abdomen of the pregnant woman. One variant is a transvaginal sonography is done with a probe placed in the woman's vagina. Transvaginal scans usually provide clearer pictures during early pregnancy and in obese women. Also used is Doppler sonography which detects the heartbeat of the fetus. Doppler sonography can be used to evaluate the pulsations in the fetal heart and bloods vessels
CLOSE WINDOW Transverse picture of intrauterine pregnancy
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/104382-overview
for signs of abnormalities.1
Early pregnancy
The gestational sac can sometimes be visualized as early as four and a half weeks of gestation (approximately two and a half weeks after ovulation) and the yolk sac at about five weeks gestation. The embryo can be observed and measured by about five and a half weeks. The heartbeat may be seen as early as 6 weeks and is usually visible by 7 weeks gestation.12 Dating and growth monitoring
Gestational age is usually determined by the date of the woman's last menstrual period and assuming ovulation occurred on day fourteen of the menstrual cycle. Sometimes a woman may be uncertain of the date of her last menstrual period or there may be reason to suspect ovulation occurred significantly earlier or later than the fourteenth day of her cycle. Ultrasound scans offer an alternative method of estimating gestational age. The most accurate measurement for dating is the crown-rump length of the fetus which can be done between 7 and 13 weeks of gestation. After 13 weeks gestation the fetal age may be estimated by the biparietal diameter (the transverse diameter of the head) the head circumference the length of the femur (the longest bone in the body) and the many more fetal parameters that have been measured and correlated with age over the last 30 years. Dating is more accurate when done earlier in the pregnancy; if a later scan gives a different esti
The gestational sac can sometimes be visualized as early as four and a half weeks of gestation (approximately two and a half weeks after ovulation) and the yolk sac at about five weeks gestation. The embryo can be observed and measured by about five and a half weeks. The heartbeat may be seen as early as 6 weeks and is usually visible by 7 weeks gestation.12 Dating and growth monitoring
Gestational age is usually determined by the date of the woman's last menstrual period and assuming ovulation occurred on day fourteen of the menstrual cycle. Sometimes a woman may be uncertain of the date of her last menstrual period or there may be reason to suspect ovulation occurred significantly earlier or later than the fourteenth day of her cycle. Ultrasound scans offer an alternative method of estimating gestational age. The most accurate measurement for dating is the crown-rump length of the fetus which can be done between 7 and 13 weeks of gestation. After 13 weeks gestation the fetal age may be estimated by the biparietal diameter (the transverse diameter of the head) the head circumference the length of the femur (the longest bone in the body) and the many more fetal parameters that have been measured and correlated with age over the last 30 years. Dating is more accurate when done earlier in the pregnancy; if a later scan gives a different esti
CLOSE WINDOW Picture of abnormal endometrium in a patient with an ectopic pregnancy
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/104382-overview
Obstetric ultrasonography - Wikimd
Obstetric sonography (ultrasonography) is the application of medical ultrasonography to obstetrics. ... Role of Obstetric Ultrasound in the Development of Diagnostic ...
Obstetric sonography (ultrasonography) is the application of medical ultrasonography to obstetrics. ... Role of Obstetric Ultrasound in the Development of Diagnostic ...
mate of gestational age the estimated age is not normally changed but rather it is assumed the fetus is not growing at the expected rate.1
Not useful for dating the abdominal circumference of the fetus may also be measured. This gives an estimate of the weight and size of the fetus and is important when doing serial ultrasounds to monitor fetal growth.1 Fetal sex determination Sonogram of male fetus with scrotum and penis in center of image
The sex of the baby can usually be determined by ultrasound at any time after 16 weeks often at the dating scan around 20 weeks into the pregnancy depending upon the quality of the sonographic machine and skill of the operator. This is also the best time to have an ultrasound done as most infants are the same size at this stage of development. Depending on the skill of the sonographer ultrasound may suffer from a high rate of false negatives and false positives. This means care has to be taken in interpreting the accuracy of the scan. Ultrasonography of the cervix Fetus at 14 weeks (profile)
Obstetric sonography has become useful in the assessment of the cervix in women at risk for premature birth. A short cervix preterm is undesirable: At 24 weeks gestation a cervix length of less than 25 mm defines a risk group for preterm birth further the shorter the cervix the greater the risk.3 It also has been helpful to use ultrasonography
Not useful for dating the abdominal circumference of the fetus may also be measured. This gives an estimate of the weight and size of the fetus and is important when doing serial ultrasounds to monitor fetal growth.1 Fetal sex determination Sonogram of male fetus with scrotum and penis in center of image
The sex of the baby can usually be determined by ultrasound at any time after 16 weeks often at the dating scan around 20 weeks into the pregnancy depending upon the quality of the sonographic machine and skill of the operator. This is also the best time to have an ultrasound done as most infants are the same size at this stage of development. Depending on the skill of the sonographer ultrasound may suffer from a high rate of false negatives and false positives. This means care has to be taken in interpreting the accuracy of the scan. Ultrasonography of the cervix Fetus at 14 weeks (profile)
Obstetric sonography has become useful in the assessment of the cervix in women at risk for premature birth. A short cervix preterm is undesirable: At 24 weeks gestation a cervix length of less than 25 mm defines a risk group for preterm birth further the shorter the cervix the greater the risk.3 It also has been helpful to use ultrasonography
CLOSE WINDOW Picture of gestational sac with yolk sac
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/104382-overview
Obstetric Ultrasound
Current and accurate information for patients about Obstetric Ultrasound. Learn what you might experience, how to prepare for the exam, benefits, risks and more.
Current and accurate information for patients about Obstetric Ultrasound. Learn what you might experience, how to prepare for the exam, benefits, risks and more.
in women with preterm contractions as those whose cervix length exceed 30 mm are unlikely to deliver within the next week.4
Abnormality screening
In some countries routine pregnancy sonographic scans are performed to detect developmental defects before birth. This includes checking the status of the limbs and vital organs as well as (sometimes) specific tests for abnormalities. Some abnormalities detected by ultrasound can be addressed by medical treatment in utero or by perinatal care though indications of other abnormalities can lead to a decision regarding abortion.
Perhaps the most common such test uses a measurement of the nuchal translucency thickness ("NT-test" or "Nuchal Scan"). Although 91% of fetuses affected by Down syndrome exhibit this defect 5% of fetuses flagged by the test do not have Down syndrome.
Ultrasound may also detect fetal organ anomaly. Usually scans for this type of detection are done around 18 to 20 weeks of gestational age. History
Scottish physician Ian Donald was one of the pioneers of medical use of ultrasound. His article "Investigation of Abdominal Masses by Pulsed Ultrasound" was published in The Lancet in 1958. Donald was Regius Professor of Midwifery at the University of Glasgow.5
In 1962 after about two years of work Joseph Holmes William Wright and Ralph Meyerdirk developed the first compound contact B-mode scanner. Their wo
In some countries routine pregnancy sonographic scans are performed to detect developmental defects before birth. This includes checking the status of the limbs and vital organs as well as (sometimes) specific tests for abnormalities. Some abnormalities detected by ultrasound can be addressed by medical treatment in utero or by perinatal care though indications of other abnormalities can lead to a decision regarding abortion.
Perhaps the most common such test uses a measurement of the nuchal translucency thickness ("NT-test" or "Nuchal Scan"). Although 91% of fetuses affected by Down syndrome exhibit this defect 5% of fetuses flagged by the test do not have Down syndrome.
Ultrasound may also detect fetal organ anomaly. Usually scans for this type of detection are done around 18 to 20 weeks of gestational age. History
Scottish physician Ian Donald was one of the pioneers of medical use of ultrasound. His article "Investigation of Abdominal Masses by Pulsed Ultrasound" was published in The Lancet in 1958. Donald was Regius Professor of Midwifery at the University of Glasgow.5
In 1962 after about two years of work Joseph Holmes William Wright and Ralph Meyerdirk developed the first compound contact B-mode scanner. Their wo
CLOSE WINDOW Picture of uterus without a fetal pole and a complex adnexal mass consistent with ectopic pregnancy
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/104382-overview
Obstetric ultrasonography
Obstetric ultrasonography ... Pregnancy sonogram; Pregnancy ultrasound; Obstetric sonogram; Ultrasound - pregnancy. Definition. Pregnancy ultrasound is a method of imaging the ...
Obstetric ultrasonography ... Pregnancy sonogram; Pregnancy ultrasound; Obstetric sonogram; Ultrasound - pregnancy. Definition. Pregnancy ultrasound is a method of imaging the ...
rk had been supported by U.S. Public Health Services and the University of Colorado. Wright and Meyerdirk left the university to form Physionic Engineering Inc. which launched the first commercial hand-held articulated arm compound contact B-mode scanner in 1963.6 This was the start of the most popular design in the history of ultrasound scanners.
Obstetric ultrasound has played a significant role in the development of diagnostic ultrasound technology in general. Much of the technological advances in diagnostic ultrasound technology are due to the drive to create better obstetric ultrasound equipment. Acuson Corporation's pioneering work on the development of Coherent Image Formation helped shape the development of diagnostic ultrasound equipment as a whole. Safety issues
Current evidence indicates that diagnostic ultrasound is safe for the unborn child unlike radiographs which employ ionizing radiation. However no randomized controlled trials have been undertaken to test the safety of the technology and thus ultrasound procedures are generally not done repeatedly unless medically indicated.
A 2006 study on mice exposed to ultrasound showed neurological changes in the exposed fetuses. Some of the rodent brain cells failed to migrate to their proper position and remained scattered in incorrect parts of the brain.7
It has been shown that Low Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound does ha
Obstetric ultrasound has played a significant role in the development of diagnostic ultrasound technology in general. Much of the technological advances in diagnostic ultrasound technology are due to the drive to create better obstetric ultrasound equipment. Acuson Corporation's pioneering work on the development of Coherent Image Formation helped shape the development of diagnostic ultrasound equipment as a whole. Safety issues
Current evidence indicates that diagnostic ultrasound is safe for the unborn child unlike radiographs which employ ionizing radiation. However no randomized controlled trials have been undertaken to test the safety of the technology and thus ultrasound procedures are generally not done repeatedly unless medically indicated.
A 2006 study on mice exposed to ultrasound showed neurological changes in the exposed fetuses. Some of the rodent brain cells failed to migrate to their proper position and remained scattered in incorrect parts of the brain.7
It has been shown that Low Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound does ha
CLOSE WINDOW Transverse picture of gestational sac with yolk sac
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/104382-overview
ESR::Patientinfo:PI::US - GENIT
Other terms: Ultrasound of the Pelvis, Gynecologic Ultrasonography, Gyn Sonography, Obstetric Ultrasonography, Transvaginal Ultrasound ...
Other terms: Ultrasound of the Pelvis, Gynecologic Ultrasonography, Gyn Sonography, Obstetric Ultrasonography, Transvaginal Ultrasound ...
ve a localized effect on growth in human beings. The 1985 FDA-allowed maximum power of 180 milliwatts per square cm 8 is well under the levels used in therapeutic ultrasound but still higher than the 30-80 milliwatts per square cm range of the Statison V veterinary LIPUS device.9 LIPUS has been shown to affect tissue growth in as little as 20 minutes of time with repeated daily applications. Adding to the similarity LIPUS and medical ultrasound both operate in the 1 to 10MHz range.
While the benefits of medical ultrasound probably outweigh any risks vanity uses such as making 3D ultrasound movies without a doctors order present an obviously unnecessary but unknown risk to a developing fetus. Clinical guidelines produced by the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada recommend against the non-medical use of fetal ultrasound.10 See also Doppler fetal monitor Gynecologic ultrasonography 3D Ultrasound External links RadiologyInfo: Obstetric Ultrasound Imaging Nuchal Translucency test information page FDA statement on Fetal Keepsake Videos AIUM statement on prudent use of Ultrasound References a b c d Woo Joseph (2006). "Why and when is Ultrasound used in Pregnancy". Obstetric Ultrasound: A Comprehensive Guide. http://www.ob-ultrasound.net/. Retrieved 2007-05-27. Boschert Sherry (2001-06-15). "Anxious Patients Often Want Very Early Ultrasound Exam". OB/GYN News (Fi
While the benefits of medical ultrasound probably outweigh any risks vanity uses such as making 3D ultrasound movies without a doctors order present an obviously unnecessary but unknown risk to a developing fetus. Clinical guidelines produced by the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada recommend against the non-medical use of fetal ultrasound.10 See also Doppler fetal monitor Gynecologic ultrasonography 3D Ultrasound External links RadiologyInfo: Obstetric Ultrasound Imaging Nuchal Translucency test information page FDA statement on Fetal Keepsake Videos AIUM statement on prudent use of Ultrasound References a b c d Woo Joseph (2006). "Why and when is Ultrasound used in Pregnancy". Obstetric Ultrasound: A Comprehensive Guide. http://www.ob-ultrasound.net/. Retrieved 2007-05-27. Boschert Sherry (2001-06-15). "Anxious Patients Often Want Very Early Ultrasound Exam". OB/GYN News (Fi
http://www.medicalecho.net/
Access to Obstetric Ultrasonography in Some Rural Settings in ...
This prospective survey on access to obstetric ultrasonography was conducted in March – November ... The important of obstetric ultrasonography care is illustrated by ...
This prospective survey on access to obstetric ultrasonography was conducted in March – November ... The important of obstetric ultrasonography care is illustrated by ...
ndArticles.com). http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mim0CYD/is1236/ai76636730. Retrieved 2007-05-27.
Iams JD Goldenberg RL Meis PJ et al. (February 1996). "The length of the cervix and the risk of spontaneous premature delivery. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit Network". N. Engl. J. Med. 334 (9): 56772. doi:10.1056/NEJM199602293340904. PMID 8569824. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookupviewshort&pmid8569824&promoONFLNS19.
Leitich H Brunbauer M Kaider A Egarter C Husslein P (December 1999). "Cervical length and dilatation of the internal cervical os detected by vaginal ultrasonography as markers for preterm delivery: A systematic review". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 181 (6): 146572. doi:10.1016/S0002-9378(99)70407-2. PMID 10601930.
Ian Donald's paper in the Lancet in 1958 by Joseph Woo
Woo Joseph (2002). "A short History of the development of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology". ob-ultrasound.net. http://www.ob-ultrasound.net/history1.html. Retrieved 2007-08-26.
Ang ES Gluncic V Duque A Schafer ME Rakic P (2006). "Prenatal exposure to ultrasound waves impacts neuronal migration in mice". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (34): 1290310. doi:10.1073/pnas.0605294103. PMID 16901978.
http://www.nanomedicine.com/NMI/6.4.1.htm expressed as 1800 watts per m2
http://www.statison.com/html/Stat
http://www.medicalecho.net/
OBSTETRIC
Obstetric ultrasonography, and such diplomas will be so endorsed. ... The Diploma of Medical Ultrasonography (Obstetric) is designed to assess the ...
Obstetric ultrasonography, and such diplomas will be so endorsed. ... The Diploma of Medical Ultrasonography (Obstetric) is designed to assess the ...
isonVUserGuide.pdf
Ultasound in Pregnancy. Article by the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. Accessed 2008-04-09
v d e
Pregnancy and Childbirth
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Testing
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Bloody show Childbirth positions Contraction Presentation (Breech Cephalic Shoulder) Rupture of membranes
Postpartum
Childcare Congenital disorders S
CLOSE WINDOW Free fluid in the Morison pouch from a ruptured ectopic pregnancy
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/104382-treatment
obstetrics: Definition from Answers.com
An important modern development has been ultrasonography, which allows the obstetrician to non-invasively ... obstetric ultrasonography: Nuchal scan · Biophysical profile ...
An important modern development has been ultrasonography, which allows the obstetrician to non-invasively ... obstetric ultrasonography: Nuchal scan · Biophysical profile ...
ex after pregnancy
G/P
Gravida/para/abortus TPAL
M: OBS
phys/devp
mthr/fetu/infc epon
proc drug(2A/G2C) v d e Obstetrical surgery and other procedures (ICD-9-CM V3 72-75) Diagnostic
sampling: fetal tissue (Chorionic villus sampling Amniocentesis) blood (Triple test Percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling Apt test Kleihauer-Betke test) Lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio Fetal fibronectin test
obstetric ultrasonography: Nuchal scan Biophysical profile (Amniotic fluid index)
other imaging: Cardiotocography (Non-stress test) Fetoscopy
challenge: Contraction stress test Leopold's maneuvers Intervention Fetal surgery Fetendo External cephalic version Delivery Vaginal delivery
Induction (Artificial rupture of membranes/Amniotomy) Episiotomy Symphysiotomy Forceps in childbirth Ventouse in childbirth shoulder dystocia (McRoberts maneuver Woods' screw maneuver Zavanelli maneuver) Manual placenta removal Caesarean section Elective On maternal request EXIT procedure Postpartum hemorrhage Hysterectomy B-Lynch suture Sengstaken-Blakemore tube
M: OBS
phys/devp
mt
M: OBS
phys/devp
mthr/fetu/infc epon
proc drug(2A/G2C) v d e Obstetrical surgery and other procedures (ICD-9-CM V3 72-75) Diagnostic
sampling: fetal tissue (Chorionic villus sampling Amniocentesis) blood (Triple test Percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling Apt test Kleihauer-Betke test) Lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio Fetal fibronectin test
obstetric ultrasonography: Nuchal scan Biophysical profile (Amniotic fluid index)
other imaging: Cardiotocography (Non-stress test) Fetoscopy
challenge: Contraction stress test Leopold's maneuvers Intervention Fetal surgery Fetendo External cephalic version Delivery Vaginal delivery
Induction (Artificial rupture of membranes/Amniotomy) Episiotomy Symphysiotomy Forceps in childbirth Ventouse in childbirth shoulder dystocia (McRoberts maneuver Woods' screw maneuver Zavanelli maneuver) Manual placenta removal Caesarean section Elective On maternal request EXIT procedure Postpartum hemorrhage Hysterectomy B-Lynch suture Sengstaken-Blakemore tube
M: OBS
phys/devp
mt
CLOSE WINDOW Sagittal viewing showing bladder uterus behind the bladder and endometrial stripe within the uterus
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/104382-treatment
Pregnancy test - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Obstetric ultrasonography may also be used to detect pregnancy. ... With obstetric ultrasonography the gestational sac sometimes can be visualized as early ...
Obstetric ultrasonography may also be used to detect pregnancy. ... With obstetric ultrasonography the gestational sac sometimes can be visualized as early ...
hr/fetu/infc epon
proc drug(2A/G2C) v d e Medical testing : Medical imaging Radiology Medical radiography X-ray 2D
CXR Angiography Venography AXR / KUB DXA Upper gastrointestinal series Mammography Dental radiography 3D / XCT
CT angiography CT pulmonary angiogram pQCT Full-body CT scan Helical cone beam computed tomography X-ray microtomography Electron beam tomography MRI
MR angiography MR cholangiopancreatography Breast MRI Functional MRI Diffusion MRI Ultrasound
Echocardiography / Doppler echocardiography (TTE TEE) Gynecologic Obstetric Echoencephalography Duplex Transcranial doppler Transrectal Contrast-enhanced 3D ultrasound Abdominal ultrasonography Endoscopic ultrasound Emergency ultrasound FAST Breast ultrasound Radionuclide
Scintigraphy (Cholescintigraphy) PET SPECT (Sestamibi scan) Other
Thermology Fluoroscopy OPS Optical tomography (Optical coherence tomography) Virtopsy Flat panel detector Imaging phantom
proc drug(2A/G2C) v d e Medical testing : Medical imaging Radiology Medical radiography X-ray 2D
CXR Angiography Venography AXR / KUB DXA Upper gastrointestinal series Mammography Dental radiography 3D / XCT
CT angiography CT pulmonary angiogram pQCT Full-body CT scan Helical cone beam computed tomography X-ray microtomography Electron beam tomography MRI
MR angiography MR cholangiopancreatography Breast MRI Functional MRI Diffusion MRI Ultrasound
Echocardiography / Doppler echocardiography (TTE TEE) Gynecologic Obstetric Echoencephalography Duplex Transcranial doppler Transrectal Contrast-enhanced 3D ultrasound Abdominal ultrasonography Endoscopic ultrasound Emergency ultrasound FAST Breast ultrasound Radionuclide
Scintigraphy (Cholescintigraphy) PET SPECT (Sestamibi scan) Other
Thermology Fluoroscopy OPS Optical tomography (Optical coherence tomography) Virtopsy Flat panel detector Imaging phantom
system is very unreliable and is never used by middle and upper class segments of the population who resort to private health insurance or pay for the exams out of their own pockets The main focus of the observation were ultrasound exams especially the interactions between the actors and the discursive and visual narratives produced in this situation
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-59702008000100006&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en
