HLA region of Chromosome 6
The human leukocyte antigen system (HLA) is the name of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in humans. The super locus contains a large number of genes related to immune system function in humans. This group of genes reside on chromosome 6 and encode cell-surface antigen-presenting proteins and many other genes. The HLA genes are the human versions of the MHC genes that are found in most vertebrates (and thus are the most studied of the MHC genes). The proteins encoded by certain genes are also known as antigens as a result of their historic discovery as factors in organ transplantations. The major HLA antigens are essential elements for immune function. Different classes have different functions:
HLA antigens corresponding to MHC class I (A B & C) present peptides from inside the cell (including viral peptides if present). These peptides are produced from digested proteins that are broken down in the proteasomes. The peptides are generally small polymers about 9 amino acids in length. Foreign antigens attract killer T-cells (also called CD8 positive- or cytotoxic T-cells) that destroy cells.
HLA antigens corresponding to MHC class II (DPDM DOADOBDQ & DR) present antigens from outside of the cell to T-lymphocytes. These particular antigens stimulate T-helper cells to multiply and these T-helper cells then stimulate antibody-producing B-cells to produce Antibodies to that specific antigen. Self-antigens are suppressed by suppressor T-cells.
HLA antigens corresponding to MHC class III encode components of the complement system.
HLA have other roles. They are important in disease defense. They may be the cause of organ transplant rejections. They may protect against or fail to protect (if down regulated by an infection) cancers1. They may mediate autoimmune disease (examples: type I diabetes coeliac disease). Also in reproduction HLA may be related to the individual smell of people and may be involved in mate selection 2.
Aside from the genes encoding the 6 major antigens there are a large number of other genes many involved in immune function located on the HLA complex. Diversity of HLA in human population is one aspect of disease defense and as a result the chance of two unrelated individuals having identical HLA molecules on all loci is very low. Historically HLA genes were identified as a result of the ability to successfully transplant organs between HLA similar individuals. Contents 1 Functions 2 Classification 2.1 Nomenclature 2.2 Variability 2.2.1 Tables of variant alleles 2.2.2 Sequence Feature Variant Type (SFVT) 2.3 Examining HLA types 2.3.1 Serotype and allele names 2.3.2 Serotyping 2.3.3 Cellular typing 2.3.4 Gene sequencing 2.3.5 Phenotyping 2.3.6 Haplotypes 3 Role of allelic variation 4 Antibodies 5 HLA matching for sick siblings 6 Further reading 7 E
The human leukocyte antigen system (HLA) is the name of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in humans. The super locus contains a large number of genes related to immune system function in humans. This group of genes reside on chromosome 6 and encode cell-surface antigen-presenting proteins and many other genes. The HLA genes are the human versions of the MHC genes that are found in most vertebrates (and thus are the most studied of the MHC genes). The proteins encoded by certain genes are also known as antigens as a result of their historic discovery as factors in organ transplantations. The major HLA antigens are essential elements for immune function. Different classes have different functions:
HLA antigens corresponding to MHC class I (A B & C) present peptides from inside the cell (including viral peptides if present). These peptides are produced from digested proteins that are broken down in the proteasomes. The peptides are generally small polymers about 9 amino acids in length. Foreign antigens attract killer T-cells (also called CD8 positive- or cytotoxic T-cells) that destroy cells.
HLA antigens corresponding to MHC class II (DPDM DOADOBDQ & DR) present antigens from outside of the cell to T-lymphocytes. These particular antigens stimulate T-helper cells to multiply and these T-helper cells then stimulate antibody-producing B-cells to produce Antibodies to that specific antigen. Self-antigens are suppressed by suppressor T-cells.
HLA antigens corresponding to MHC class III encode components of the complement system.
HLA have other roles. They are important in disease defense. They may be the cause of organ transplant rejections. They may protect against or fail to protect (if down regulated by an infection) cancers1. They may mediate autoimmune disease (examples: type I diabetes coeliac disease). Also in reproduction HLA may be related to the individual smell of people and may be involved in mate selection 2.
Aside from the genes encoding the 6 major antigens there are a large number of other genes many involved in immune function located on the HLA complex. Diversity of HLA in human population is one aspect of disease defense and as a result the chance of two unrelated individuals having identical HLA molecules on all loci is very low. Historically HLA genes were identified as a result of the ability to successfully transplant organs between HLA similar individuals. Contents 1 Functions 2 Classification 2.1 Nomenclature 2.2 Variability 2.2.1 Tables of variant alleles 2.2.2 Sequence Feature Variant Type (SFVT) 2.3 Examining HLA types 2.3.1 Serotype and allele names 2.3.2 Serotyping 2.3.3 Cellular typing 2.3.4 Gene sequencing 2.3.5 Phenotyping 2.3.6 Haplotypes 3 Role of allelic variation 4 Antibodies 5 HLA matching for sick siblings 6 Further reading 7 E
Parkinson’s disease discoveries
Genes that affect the immune system and link it to Parkinson’s disease have been uncovered. This paves the way for new drug development in Parkinson’s disease – a serious, degenerative disease of the nerves that leads to tremors and muscle stiffness and eventually complete loss of movements. There is currently no cure for PD.
Genes that affect the immune system and link it to Parkinson’s disease have been uncovered. This paves the way for new drug development in Parkinson’s disease – a serious, degenerative disease of the nerves that leads to tremors and muscle stiffness and eventually complete loss of movements. There is currently no cure for PD.
is non functional therefore the acceptor substrate H antigen Fuc alpha1 >2 Gal remains without a further modification and the A and B determinants are absent on surfaces of cells The genes ABO gene is organized in 7 exons and the coding sequence in the seven coding exons spans over 18kb of genomic DNA The exons range in size from 28 to 688 bp and exons 6 and 7 the
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gv/rbc/xslcgi.fcgi?cmd=bgmut/systems_info&system=abo
Human Leukocyte Antigen Test - blood, time, graft, heart ...
The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) test, also known as HLA typing or tissue typing, ... Human leukocyte antigen typing is performed for kidney, bone marrow, ...
The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) test, also known as HLA typing or tissue typing, ... Human leukocyte antigen typing is performed for kidney, bone marrow, ...
xternal links
8 References
//
Functions
The proteins encoded by HLAs are those on the outer part of body cells that are (effectively) unique to that person. The immune system uses the HLAs to differentiate self cells and non-self cells. Any cell displaying that person's HLA type belongs to that person (and therefore is not an invader). DR protein (DRA:DRB1*0101 gene products) with bound Staphylococcal enterotoxin ligand (subunit I-C) view is top down showing all DR amino acid residues within 5 Angstroms of the SEI peptide. PDB 2G9H
In infectious disease. When a foreign pathogen enters the body specific cells called antigen-presenting cells (APCs) engulf the pathogen through a process called phagocytosis. Proteins from the pathogen are digested into small pieces (peptides) and loaded onto HLA antigens (specifically MHC class II). They are then displayed by the antigen presenting cells for certain cells of the immune system called T cells which then produce a variety of effects to eliminate the pathogen.
Through a similar process proteins (both native and foreign such as the proteins of viruses) produced inside most cells are displayed on HLA antigens (specifically MHC class I) on the cell surface. Infected cells can be recognized and destroyed by components of the immune system (specifically CD8+ T cells).
The image off to the side shows a piece of a poisonous bacterial protein (SEI peptide) bound within the binding cleft portion of the HLA-DR1 molecule. In the illustration far below a different view one can see an entire DQ with a bound peptide in a similar cleft as viewed from the side. Disease-related peptides fit into these 'slots' much like a hand fits into a glove or a key fits into a lock. In these configurations peptides are presented to T-cells. The T-cells are restricted by the HLA molecules when certain peptides are within the binding cleft. These cells have receptors that are like antibodies and each cell only recognizes a few class II-peptide combinations. Once a T-cell recognizes a peptide within an MHC class II molecule it can stimulate B-cells that also recognize the same molecule in their sIgM antibodies. Therefore these T-cells help B-cells make antibodies to proteins they both recognize. There are billions of different T-cells in each person that can be made to recognize antigens many are removed because they recognize self antigens. Each HLA can bind many peptides and each person has 3 HLA types and can have 4 isoforms of DP 4 isoforms of DQ and 4 Isoforms of DR (2 of DRB1 and 2 of DRB3DRB4 or DRB5) for a total of 12 isoforms. In such heterozygotes it is difficult for disease related proteins to escape detection.
In graft rejection. Any cell displaying some other HLA type is "non-self" and is an invader resulting in the rejection of the tissue bearing those cells. Because of the importance of HLA in tra
The proteins encoded by HLAs are those on the outer part of body cells that are (effectively) unique to that person. The immune system uses the HLAs to differentiate self cells and non-self cells. Any cell displaying that person's HLA type belongs to that person (and therefore is not an invader). DR protein (DRA:DRB1*0101 gene products) with bound Staphylococcal enterotoxin ligand (subunit I-C) view is top down showing all DR amino acid residues within 5 Angstroms of the SEI peptide. PDB 2G9H
In infectious disease. When a foreign pathogen enters the body specific cells called antigen-presenting cells (APCs) engulf the pathogen through a process called phagocytosis. Proteins from the pathogen are digested into small pieces (peptides) and loaded onto HLA antigens (specifically MHC class II). They are then displayed by the antigen presenting cells for certain cells of the immune system called T cells which then produce a variety of effects to eliminate the pathogen.
Through a similar process proteins (both native and foreign such as the proteins of viruses) produced inside most cells are displayed on HLA antigens (specifically MHC class I) on the cell surface. Infected cells can be recognized and destroyed by components of the immune system (specifically CD8+ T cells).
The image off to the side shows a piece of a poisonous bacterial protein (SEI peptide) bound within the binding cleft portion of the HLA-DR1 molecule. In the illustration far below a different view one can see an entire DQ with a bound peptide in a similar cleft as viewed from the side. Disease-related peptides fit into these 'slots' much like a hand fits into a glove or a key fits into a lock. In these configurations peptides are presented to T-cells. The T-cells are restricted by the HLA molecules when certain peptides are within the binding cleft. These cells have receptors that are like antibodies and each cell only recognizes a few class II-peptide combinations. Once a T-cell recognizes a peptide within an MHC class II molecule it can stimulate B-cells that also recognize the same molecule in their sIgM antibodies. Therefore these T-cells help B-cells make antibodies to proteins they both recognize. There are billions of different T-cells in each person that can be made to recognize antigens many are removed because they recognize self antigens. Each HLA can bind many peptides and each person has 3 HLA types and can have 4 isoforms of DP 4 isoforms of DQ and 4 Isoforms of DR (2 of DRB1 and 2 of DRB3DRB4 or DRB5) for a total of 12 isoforms. In such heterozygotes it is difficult for disease related proteins to escape detection.
In graft rejection. Any cell displaying some other HLA type is "non-self" and is an invader resulting in the rejection of the tissue bearing those cells. Because of the importance of HLA in tra
GWAS finds new genetic target for Parkinson's disease drug development
A hunt throughout the human genome for variants associated with common, late-onset Parkinson's disease has revealed a new genetic link that implicates the immune system and offers new targets for drug development.
A hunt throughout the human genome for variants associated with common, late-onset Parkinson's disease has revealed a new genetic link that implicates the immune system and offers new targets for drug development.
CLOSE WINDOW Figure 3 Preferential T cell accumulation in the tumor is antigen independent but degranulation is antigen dependent 0 mice received tumor cells on day 0 and H7a specific black bars
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/516528_2
Definition of human leukocyte antigen - NCI Dictionary of ...
human leukocyte antigen (HYOO-mun LOO-koh-SITE AN-tih-jen) ... These antigens vary from person to person, and human leukocyte antigen tests are done before organ ...
human leukocyte antigen (HYOO-mun LOO-koh-SITE AN-tih-jen) ... These antigens vary from person to person, and human leukocyte antigen tests are done before organ ...
nsplantation the HLA loci are among of the most frequently typed by serology or PCR relative to any other autosomal alleles.
HLA and autoimmune diseases
HLA allele
Diseases with increased risk
Relative risk
HLA-B27
Ankylosing spondylitis
12
Postgonococcal arthritis
14
Acute anterior uveitis
15
HLA-DR3
Autoimmune hepatitis
14
Primary Sjgren syndrome
10
Diabetes mellitus type 1
5
HLA-DR4
Rheumatoid arthritis
4
Diabetes mellitus type 1
6
HLA-DR3 and-DR4 combined
Diabetes mellitus type 1
15
HLA-B47
21-hydroxylase deficiency
15
Unless else specified in boxes then ref is: 3
In autoimmunity. HLA types are inherited and some of them are connected with autoimmune disorders and other diseases. People with certain HLA antigens are more likely to develop certain autoimmune diseases such as Type I Diabetes Ankylosing spondylitis Celiac Disease SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus) Myasthenia Gravis inclusion body myositis and Sjgren's syndrome. HLA typing has led to some improvement and acceleration in the diagnosis of Celiac Disease and Type 1 diabetes; however for DQ2 typing to be useful it requires either high resolution B1*typing (resolving *0201 from *0202) DQA1*typing or DR serotyping. Current serotyping can resolve in one step DQ8. HLA typing in autoimmunity is being increasingly used as a tool in diagnosis. In Celiac disease it is the only effective means of discriminating between 1st degree relatives who are at risk from those who are not at risk prior to the appearance of sometimes irreversible symptoms such as allergies and secondary autoimmune disease.
In cancer. Some HLA mediated diseases are directly involved in the promotion of cancer. Gluten sensitive enteropathy is associated with increased prevalence of Enteropathy-associated T-cell Lymphoma and DR3-DQ2 homozygotes are within the highest risk group with close to 80% of gluten sensitive EATL cases. More often however HLA molecules play a protective role recognizing the increase in antigens that were not tolerated because of low levels in the normal state. Abnormal cells may be targeted for apoptosis mediating many cancers before clinical diagnosis. Prevention of cancer may be a portion of heterozygous selection acting on HLA. Classification Schematic representation of MHC class I
MHC class I proteins form a functional receptor on most nucleated cells of the body.
There are 3 major and 3 minor MHC class I genes in HLA: HLA-A HLA-B HLA-C minor genes are HLA-E HLA-F and HLA-G 2-microglobulin binds with major and minor gene subunits to produce a heterodimer Illustration of an HLA-DQ molecule (magenta and blue) with a bound ligand (yellow) floating on the plasma membrane of the cell.
There are 3 major and 2 minor MHC class II proteins encoded by the HLA. The genes of the class II combine to form heterodimeric () protein receptors that are typically
In autoimmunity. HLA types are inherited and some of them are connected with autoimmune disorders and other diseases. People with certain HLA antigens are more likely to develop certain autoimmune diseases such as Type I Diabetes Ankylosing spondylitis Celiac Disease SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus) Myasthenia Gravis inclusion body myositis and Sjgren's syndrome. HLA typing has led to some improvement and acceleration in the diagnosis of Celiac Disease and Type 1 diabetes; however for DQ2 typing to be useful it requires either high resolution B1*typing (resolving *0201 from *0202) DQA1*typing or DR serotyping. Current serotyping can resolve in one step DQ8. HLA typing in autoimmunity is being increasingly used as a tool in diagnosis. In Celiac disease it is the only effective means of discriminating between 1st degree relatives who are at risk from those who are not at risk prior to the appearance of sometimes irreversible symptoms such as allergies and secondary autoimmune disease.
In cancer. Some HLA mediated diseases are directly involved in the promotion of cancer. Gluten sensitive enteropathy is associated with increased prevalence of Enteropathy-associated T-cell Lymphoma and DR3-DQ2 homozygotes are within the highest risk group with close to 80% of gluten sensitive EATL cases. More often however HLA molecules play a protective role recognizing the increase in antigens that were not tolerated because of low levels in the normal state. Abnormal cells may be targeted for apoptosis mediating many cancers before clinical diagnosis. Prevention of cancer may be a portion of heterozygous selection acting on HLA. Classification Schematic representation of MHC class I
MHC class I proteins form a functional receptor on most nucleated cells of the body.
There are 3 major and 3 minor MHC class I genes in HLA: HLA-A HLA-B HLA-C minor genes are HLA-E HLA-F and HLA-G 2-microglobulin binds with major and minor gene subunits to produce a heterodimer Illustration of an HLA-DQ molecule (magenta and blue) with a bound ligand (yellow) floating on the plasma membrane of the cell.
There are 3 major and 2 minor MHC class II proteins encoded by the HLA. The genes of the class II combine to form heterodimeric () protein receptors that are typically
New Parkinson's gene linked to immune system
London, Aug 30 : Scientists have found a new genetic link associated with Parkinson's disease that implicates the immune system and offers new targets for drug development.
London, Aug 30 : Scientists have found a new genetic link associated with Parkinson's disease that implicates the immune system and offers new targets for drug development.
CLOSE WINDOW Figure 2 The antitumor efficacy of adoptively transferred T cells is regulated by expression of target antigen on tumor cells Tumor surface area a and survival b of experimental groups
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/516528_2
Human leukocyte antigen
The human leukocyte antigen system (HLA) is the name of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC). This group of genes resides on chromosome ...
The human leukocyte antigen system (HLA) is the name of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC). This group of genes resides on chromosome ...
expressed on the surface of antigen presenting cells.
Major MHC class II HLA-DP -chain encoded by HLA-DPA1 locus -chain encoded by HLA-DPB1 locus HLA-DQ -chain encoded by HLA-DQA1 locus -chain encoded by HLA-DQB1 locus HLA-DR -chain encoded by HLA-DRA locus 4 -chains (only 3 possible per person) encoded by HLA-DRB1 DRB3 DRB4 DRB5 loci
The other MHC class II proteins DM and DO are used in the internal processing of antigens loading the antigenic peptides generated from pathogens onto the HLA molecules of antigen-presenting cell. Nomenclature
Modern HLA alleles are typically noted with a variety of levels of detail. Most designations begin with HLA- and the locus name then * and some (even) number of digits specifying the allele. The first two digits specify a group of alleles. Older typing methodologies often could not completely distinguish alleles and so stopped at this level. The third through fourth digits specify a synonymous allele. Digits five through six denote any synonymous mutations within the coding frame of the gene. The seventh and eighth digits distinguish mutations outside the coding region. Letters such as L N Q or S may follow an allele's designation to specify an expression level or other non-genomic data known about it. Thus a completely described allele may be up to 9 digits long not including the HLA- prefix and locus notation. Further information: History and naming of human leukocyte antigens Variability Codominant expression of HLA genes.
MHC loci are some of the most genetically variable coding loci in mammals and the human HLA loci are no exceptions. Despite the fact that the human population went through a constriction more than 150 000 years ago that was capable of fixing many loci the HLA loci appear to have survived such a constriction with a great deal of variation.4 Of the 9 loci mentioned above most retained a dozen or more allele-groups for each locus far more preserved variation than the vast majority of human loci. This is consistent with a heterozygous or balancing selection coefficient for these loci. In addition some HLA loci are among the fastest evolving coding regions in the human genome. One mechanism of diversification has been noted in the study of Amazonian tribes of South America that appear to have undergone intense gene conversion between variable alleles and loci within each HLA gene class.5 Less frequently longer range productive recombinations through HLA genes have been noted producing chimeric genes.
Five loci have over 100 alleles that have been detected in the human population of these the most variable are HLA B and HLA DRB1. As of 2004 the number of alleles that have been determined are listed in the table below. To interpret this table it is necessary to consider that an allele is a variant of the nucleotide (DNA) sequence at a locus such that each allele
Major MHC class II HLA-DP -chain encoded by HLA-DPA1 locus -chain encoded by HLA-DPB1 locus HLA-DQ -chain encoded by HLA-DQA1 locus -chain encoded by HLA-DQB1 locus HLA-DR -chain encoded by HLA-DRA locus 4 -chains (only 3 possible per person) encoded by HLA-DRB1 DRB3 DRB4 DRB5 loci
The other MHC class II proteins DM and DO are used in the internal processing of antigens loading the antigenic peptides generated from pathogens onto the HLA molecules of antigen-presenting cell. Nomenclature
Modern HLA alleles are typically noted with a variety of levels of detail. Most designations begin with HLA- and the locus name then * and some (even) number of digits specifying the allele. The first two digits specify a group of alleles. Older typing methodologies often could not completely distinguish alleles and so stopped at this level. The third through fourth digits specify a synonymous allele. Digits five through six denote any synonymous mutations within the coding frame of the gene. The seventh and eighth digits distinguish mutations outside the coding region. Letters such as L N Q or S may follow an allele's designation to specify an expression level or other non-genomic data known about it. Thus a completely described allele may be up to 9 digits long not including the HLA- prefix and locus notation. Further information: History and naming of human leukocyte antigens Variability Codominant expression of HLA genes.
MHC loci are some of the most genetically variable coding loci in mammals and the human HLA loci are no exceptions. Despite the fact that the human population went through a constriction more than 150 000 years ago that was capable of fixing many loci the HLA loci appear to have survived such a constriction with a great deal of variation.4 Of the 9 loci mentioned above most retained a dozen or more allele-groups for each locus far more preserved variation than the vast majority of human loci. This is consistent with a heterozygous or balancing selection coefficient for these loci. In addition some HLA loci are among the fastest evolving coding regions in the human genome. One mechanism of diversification has been noted in the study of Amazonian tribes of South America that appear to have undergone intense gene conversion between variable alleles and loci within each HLA gene class.5 Less frequently longer range productive recombinations through HLA genes have been noted producing chimeric genes.
Five loci have over 100 alleles that have been detected in the human population of these the most variable are HLA B and HLA DRB1. As of 2004 the number of alleles that have been determined are listed in the table below. To interpret this table it is necessary to consider that an allele is a variant of the nucleotide (DNA) sequence at a locus such that each allele
Parkinson’s May Be Linked to Immune System
Genetic researchers have discovered a new link that implicates the immune system for late-onset Parkinson’s disease. Scientists are excited about the finding as the discovery offers new targets for drug development. The long-term study involved a global consortium, including Johns Hopkins researchers from the Center for Inherited Disease Research who performed genome-wide association studies on ...
Genetic researchers have discovered a new link that implicates the immune system for late-onset Parkinson’s disease. Scientists are excited about the finding as the discovery offers new targets for drug development. The long-term study involved a global consortium, including Johns Hopkins researchers from the Center for Inherited Disease Research who performed genome-wide association studies on ...
CLOSE WINDOW Figure 4 Characterization of TILs and tumor blood vessels 0 mice injected with 6 F10 melanoma cells received H7a specific H7b specific or unprimed syngeneic splenocytes on day 7 a
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/516528_2
Human leukocyte antigen - wikidoc
Human leukocyte antigen. You don't need to be Editor-In-Chief to add or edit content to WikiDoc. ... The human leukocyte antigen system (HLA) is the name of the human major ...
Human leukocyte antigen. You don't need to be Editor-In-Chief to add or edit content to WikiDoc. ... The human leukocyte antigen system (HLA) is the name of the human major ...
differs from all other alleles in at least one (single nucleotide polymorphism SNP) position. Most of these changes result in a change in the amino acid sequences that result in slight to major functional differences in the protein.
There are issues that limit this variation. Certain alleles like DQA1*0501 and DQA1*0505 encode proteins with identically processed products. Other alleles like DQB1*0201 and DQB1*0202 produce proteins that are functionally similar. For class II (DR DP and DQ) amino acid variants within the receptor's peptide binding cleft tend to produce molecules with different binding capability. Tables of variant alleles
Number of variant alleles at class I loci according to the IMGT-HLA database last updated January 2009: MHC class I locus #67 Major Antigens HLA A 767 HLA B 1178 HLA C 439 Minor Antigens HLA E 9 HLA F 21 HLA G 43
Number of variant alleles at class II loci (DM DO DP DQ and DR): MHC class II HLA -A1 -B1 -B3 to -B51 Potential locus #7 #7 #7 Combinations DM- 4 7 28 DO- 12 9 72 DP- 27 133 3591 DQ- 34 96 3264 DR- 3 618 82 2121 1DRB3 DRB4 DRB5 have variable presence in humans
Sequence Feature Variant Type (SFVT)
The large extent of variability in HLA genes poses significant challenges in investigating the role of HLA genetic variations in diseases. Typically disease association studies treat each HLA allele as a single complete unit which does not illuminate the parts of the molecule associated with disease. Karp D. R. et al. describes a novel Sequence Feature Variant Type (SFVT) approach for HLA genetic analysis which categorizes HLA proteins into biologically relevant smaller sequence features (SFs) and their variant types (VTs). 8 Sequence features are combinations of amino acid sites defined based on structural information (e.g. beta-sheet 1) functional information (e.g. peptide antigen binding) and polymorphism. These sequence features can be overlapping and continuous or discontinuous in the linear sequence. Variant types for each sequence feature are defined based upon all known polymorphisms in the HLA locus being described. SFVT categorization of HLA is applied in genetic association analysis so that the effects and roles of the epitopes shared by several HLA alleles can be identified. Sequence features and their variant types have been described for all classical HLA proteins; the international repository of HLA SFVTs will be maintained at IMGT/HLA database. 9 A tool to convert HLA alleles into their component SFVTs can be found on the Immunology Database and Analysis Portal (ImmPort) website. 10
Examining HLA types Serotype and allele names
There are two parallel systems of nomenclature that are applied to HLA. The first and oldest system is based on serological (antibody based) recognition. In this system antigens were eventually ass
There are issues that limit this variation. Certain alleles like DQA1*0501 and DQA1*0505 encode proteins with identically processed products. Other alleles like DQB1*0201 and DQB1*0202 produce proteins that are functionally similar. For class II (DR DP and DQ) amino acid variants within the receptor's peptide binding cleft tend to produce molecules with different binding capability. Tables of variant alleles
Number of variant alleles at class I loci according to the IMGT-HLA database last updated January 2009: MHC class I locus #67 Major Antigens HLA A 767 HLA B 1178 HLA C 439 Minor Antigens HLA E 9 HLA F 21 HLA G 43
Number of variant alleles at class II loci (DM DO DP DQ and DR): MHC class II HLA -A1 -B1 -B3 to -B51 Potential locus #7 #7 #7 Combinations DM- 4 7 28 DO- 12 9 72 DP- 27 133 3591 DQ- 34 96 3264 DR- 3 618 82 2121 1DRB3 DRB4 DRB5 have variable presence in humans
Sequence Feature Variant Type (SFVT)
The large extent of variability in HLA genes poses significant challenges in investigating the role of HLA genetic variations in diseases. Typically disease association studies treat each HLA allele as a single complete unit which does not illuminate the parts of the molecule associated with disease. Karp D. R. et al. describes a novel Sequence Feature Variant Type (SFVT) approach for HLA genetic analysis which categorizes HLA proteins into biologically relevant smaller sequence features (SFs) and their variant types (VTs). 8 Sequence features are combinations of amino acid sites defined based on structural information (e.g. beta-sheet 1) functional information (e.g. peptide antigen binding) and polymorphism. These sequence features can be overlapping and continuous or discontinuous in the linear sequence. Variant types for each sequence feature are defined based upon all known polymorphisms in the HLA locus being described. SFVT categorization of HLA is applied in genetic association analysis so that the effects and roles of the epitopes shared by several HLA alleles can be identified. Sequence features and their variant types have been described for all classical HLA proteins; the international repository of HLA SFVTs will be maintained at IMGT/HLA database. 9 A tool to convert HLA alleles into their component SFVTs can be found on the Immunology Database and Analysis Portal (ImmPort) website. 10
Examining HLA types Serotype and allele names
There are two parallel systems of nomenclature that are applied to HLA. The first and oldest system is based on serological (antibody based) recognition. In this system antigens were eventually ass
CLOSE WINDOW Figure 5 TIL derived IFN upregulates MHC class I expression on tumor cells and inhibits tumor angiogenesis Mice injected with 6 F10 melanoma cells received H7a H7b specific or
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/516528_2
Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) System: Biology of the Immune ...
Introduction· Complement System· Components of the Immune System·Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) System· Immunotherapeutics. Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) System ...
Introduction· Complement System· Components of the Immune System·Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) System· Immunotherapeutics. Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) System ...
igned letters and numbers (e.g. HLA-B27 or shortened B27). A parallel system was developed that allowed more refined definition of alleles in this system a "HLA" is used in conjunction with a letter * and four or more digit number (e.g. HLA-B*0801 A*68011 A*240201N NNull) to designate a specific allele at a given HLA locus. HLA loci can be further classified into MHC class I and MHC class II (or rarely D locus). Every two years a nomenclature is put forth to aid researchers in interpreting serotypes to alleles.6
Serotyping
Further information: Serotype
In order to create a typing reagent blood from animals or humans would be taken the blood cells allowed to separate from the serum and the serum diluted to its optimal sensitivity and used to type cells from other individuals or animals. Thus serotyping became a way of crudely identifying HLA receptors and receptor isoforms. Over the years serotyping antibodies became more refined as techniques for increasing sensitivity improved and new serotyping antibodies continue to appear. One of the goals of serotype analysis is to fill gaps in the analysis. It is possible to predict based on 'square root''maximum-likelihood' method or analysis of familial haplotypes to account for adequately typed alleles. These studies using serotyping techniques frequently revealed particularly for non-European or north East Asian populations a large number of null or blank serotypes. This was particularly problematic for the Cw locus until recently and almost half of the Cw serotypes went untyped in the 1991 survey of the human population.
There are several types of serotypes. A broad antigen serotype is a crude measure of identity of cells. For example HLA A9 serotype recognizes cells of A23 and A24 bearing individuals it may also recognize cells that A23 and A24 miss because of small variations. A23 and A24 are split antigens but antibodies specific to either are typically used more often than antibodies to broad antigens. Cellular typing HLA-DR Cellular specificity DR1 Dw1 Dw20 DR2 Dw2 Dw12 Dw21 Dw22 DR3 Dw3 DR4 Dw4 Dw10 Dw13 Dw14 Dw15 DR11(5) Dw5 DR13(6) Dw Dw18(w6) Dw19(w6) DR14(6) Dw9 Dw16 DR7 Dw7 Dw11(w7) Dw17(w7) DR8 Dw8 DR9 Dw23 DR52 Dw24 Dw25 Dw26
A representative cellular assay is the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) and used to determine the HLA class II types.11 The cellular assay is more sensitive in detecting HLA differences than serotyping. This is because minor differences unrecognized by alloantisera can stimulate T cells. This typing is designated as Dw types. Serotyped DR1 has cellularly defined as either of Dw1 or Dw20 and so on for other serotyped DRs. Table12 shows associated cellular specificities for DR alleles. However cellular typing has inconsistence in the reaction between cellular type individuals sometimes resulting differently from predicted. Together with dif
In order to create a typing reagent blood from animals or humans would be taken the blood cells allowed to separate from the serum and the serum diluted to its optimal sensitivity and used to type cells from other individuals or animals. Thus serotyping became a way of crudely identifying HLA receptors and receptor isoforms. Over the years serotyping antibodies became more refined as techniques for increasing sensitivity improved and new serotyping antibodies continue to appear. One of the goals of serotype analysis is to fill gaps in the analysis. It is possible to predict based on 'square root''maximum-likelihood' method or analysis of familial haplotypes to account for adequately typed alleles. These studies using serotyping techniques frequently revealed particularly for non-European or north East Asian populations a large number of null or blank serotypes. This was particularly problematic for the Cw locus until recently and almost half of the Cw serotypes went untyped in the 1991 survey of the human population.
There are several types of serotypes. A broad antigen serotype is a crude measure of identity of cells. For example HLA A9 serotype recognizes cells of A23 and A24 bearing individuals it may also recognize cells that A23 and A24 miss because of small variations. A23 and A24 are split antigens but antibodies specific to either are typically used more often than antibodies to broad antigens. Cellular typing HLA-DR Cellular specificity DR1 Dw1 Dw20 DR2 Dw2 Dw12 Dw21 Dw22 DR3 Dw3 DR4 Dw4 Dw10 Dw13 Dw14 Dw15 DR11(5) Dw5 DR13(6) Dw Dw18(w6) Dw19(w6) DR14(6) Dw9 Dw16 DR7 Dw7 Dw11(w7) Dw17(w7) DR8 Dw8 DR9 Dw23 DR52 Dw24 Dw25 Dw26
A representative cellular assay is the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) and used to determine the HLA class II types.11 The cellular assay is more sensitive in detecting HLA differences than serotyping. This is because minor differences unrecognized by alloantisera can stimulate T cells. This typing is designated as Dw types. Serotyped DR1 has cellularly defined as either of Dw1 or Dw20 and so on for other serotyped DRs. Table12 shows associated cellular specificities for DR alleles. However cellular typing has inconsistence in the reaction between cellular type individuals sometimes resulting differently from predicted. Together with dif
CLOSE WINDOW Figure 6 Killing of target cells by H7a specific effectors is TCR dependent and correlates with MHC class I expression a b Labeling with H2Db specific antibody was performed on various
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/516528_2
Human leukocyte antigen - Psychology Wiki
The human leukocyte antigen system (HLA) is the name of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC). This group of genes resides on chromosome ...
The human leukocyte antigen system (HLA) is the name of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC). This group of genes resides on chromosome ...
ficulty of cellular assay in generating and maintaining cellular typing reagents cellular assay is being replaced by DNA-based typing method.11
Gene sequencing
Minor reactions to subregions that show similarity to other types can be observed to the gene products of alleles of a serotype group. The sequence of the antigens determines the antibody reactivities and so having a good sequencing capability (or sequence based typing) obviates the need for serological reactions. Therefore different serotype reactions may indicate the need to sequence a persons HLA to determine a new gene sequence. Broad antigen types are still useful such as typing very diverse populations with many unidentified HLA alleles (Africa Arabia13 Southeastern Iran14 and Pakistan India15). Africa Southern Iran and Arabia shows the difficulty in typing areas that were settled earlier allelic diversity makes it necessary to use broad antigen typing followed by gene sequencing because there is an increased risk of misidentifying by serotyping techniques.
In the end a workshop based on sequence decides which new allele goes into which serogroup either by sequence or reactivity. Once the sequence is verified it is assigned a number. For example a new allele of B44 may get a serotype B*4465 as it is the 65th B44 allele discovered. Marsh et al. (2005)6 can be considered a code book for HLA serotypes and genotypes and a new book biannually with monthly updates in Tissue Antigens. Phenotyping
Gene typing is different from gene sequencing and serotyping. With this strategy PCR primers specific to a variant region of DNA are used (called SSP-PCR) if a product of the right size is found the assumption is that the HLA allele has been identified. New gene sequences often result in an increasing appearance of ambiguity. Because gene typing is based on SSP-PCR it is possible that new variants particularly in the class I and DRB1 loci may be missed.
For SSP-PCR within the clinical situation is often used for identifying HLA phenotypes. An example of an extended phenotype for a person might be:
A*0101/*0301 Cw*0701/*0702 B*0702/*0801 DRB1*0301/*1501 DQA1*0501/*0102 DQB1*0201/*0602
This is generally identical to the extended serotype: A1A3B7B8DR3DR15(2) DQ2DQ6(1)
For many populations such as the Japanese or European populations so many patients have been typed that new alleles are relatively rare and thus SSP-PCR is more than adequate for allele resolution. Haplotypes can be obtained by typing family members. In areas of the world where SSP-PCR is unable to recognize alleles and typing requires the sequencing of new alleles. Areas of the world were SSP-PCR or serotyping may be inadequate include Central Africa Eastern Africa parts of southern Africa Arabia and S. Iran Pakistan and India. Haplotypes
An HLA haplotype is a series of HLA "genes" (loci-alleles) by chrom
Minor reactions to subregions that show similarity to other types can be observed to the gene products of alleles of a serotype group. The sequence of the antigens determines the antibody reactivities and so having a good sequencing capability (or sequence based typing) obviates the need for serological reactions. Therefore different serotype reactions may indicate the need to sequence a persons HLA to determine a new gene sequence. Broad antigen types are still useful such as typing very diverse populations with many unidentified HLA alleles (Africa Arabia13 Southeastern Iran14 and Pakistan India15). Africa Southern Iran and Arabia shows the difficulty in typing areas that were settled earlier allelic diversity makes it necessary to use broad antigen typing followed by gene sequencing because there is an increased risk of misidentifying by serotyping techniques.
In the end a workshop based on sequence decides which new allele goes into which serogroup either by sequence or reactivity. Once the sequence is verified it is assigned a number. For example a new allele of B44 may get a serotype B*4465 as it is the 65th B44 allele discovered. Marsh et al. (2005)6 can be considered a code book for HLA serotypes and genotypes and a new book biannually with monthly updates in Tissue Antigens. Phenotyping
Gene typing is different from gene sequencing and serotyping. With this strategy PCR primers specific to a variant region of DNA are used (called SSP-PCR) if a product of the right size is found the assumption is that the HLA allele has been identified. New gene sequences often result in an increasing appearance of ambiguity. Because gene typing is based on SSP-PCR it is possible that new variants particularly in the class I and DRB1 loci may be missed.
For SSP-PCR within the clinical situation is often used for identifying HLA phenotypes. An example of an extended phenotype for a person might be:
A*0101/*0301 Cw*0701/*0702 B*0702/*0801 DRB1*0301/*1501 DQA1*0501/*0102 DQB1*0201/*0602
This is generally identical to the extended serotype: A1A3B7B8DR3DR15(2) DQ2DQ6(1)
For many populations such as the Japanese or European populations so many patients have been typed that new alleles are relatively rare and thus SSP-PCR is more than adequate for allele resolution. Haplotypes can be obtained by typing family members. In areas of the world where SSP-PCR is unable to recognize alleles and typing requires the sequencing of new alleles. Areas of the world were SSP-PCR or serotyping may be inadequate include Central Africa Eastern Africa parts of southern Africa Arabia and S. Iran Pakistan and India. Haplotypes
An HLA haplotype is a series of HLA "genes" (loci-alleles) by chrom
Figure 1 Class II MHC antigen binding pocket Model shown is for the HLA DPA1 01031 B1 1701 genotype Recent studies have confirmed that genetic susceptibility to CBD
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human leukocyte antigen - definition of human leukocyte ...
Definition of human leukocyte antigen in the Online Dictionary. Meaning of human leukocyte antigen. Pronunciation of human leukocyte antigen. ...
Definition of human leukocyte antigen in the Online Dictionary. Meaning of human leukocyte antigen. Pronunciation of human leukocyte antigen. ...
osome one passed from the mother and one from the father.
The phenotype exampled above is one of the more common in Ireland and is the result of two common genetic haplotypes:
A*0101 : Cw*0701 : B*0801 : DRB1*0301 : DQA1*0501 : DQB1*0201 (By serotyping A1-Cw7-B8-DR3-DQ2)
which is called ' 'super B8' ' or ' 'ancestral haplotype' ' and
A*0301 : Cw*0702 : B*0702 : DRB1*1501 : DQA1*0102 : DQB1*0602 (By serotyping A3-Cw7-B7-DR15-DQ6 or the older version "A3-B7-DR2-DQ1")
These haplotypes can be used to trace migrations in the human population because they are often much like a fingerprint of an event that has occurred in evolution. The Super-B8 haplotype is enriched in the Western Irish declines along gradients away from that region and is only found in areas of the world where Western Europeans have migrated. The "A3-B7-DR2-DQ1" is more widely spread from Eastern Asia to Iberia. The Super-B8 haplotype is associated with a number of diet associated autoimmune diseases. There are 100000s of extended haplotypes but only a few show a visible and nodal character in the human population. Role of allelic variation
Studies of humans and other animals imply a heterozygous selection mechanism operating on these loci as an explanation for this exceptional variability.16 One credible mechanism is sexual selection in which females are able to detect males with different HLA relative to their own type.17 While the DQ and DP encoding loci have fewer alleles combinations of A1:B1 can produce a theoretical potential of 1586 DQ and 2552 DP heterodimers respectively. While certainly nowhere near this number of isoforms exist in the human population each individual can carry 4 variable DQ and DP isoforms increasing the potential number of antigens that these receptors can present to the immune system in individual immune system. Studies of the variable positions of DP DR and DQ reveal that peptide antigen contact residues on class II molecules are most frequently the site of variation in the protein primary structure. Therefore through a combination of intense allelic variation and/or subunit pairing the class II 'peptide' receptors are capable of binding an almost endless variation of peptides of 9 amino acids or longer in length protecting interbreeding subpopulations from nascent or epidemic diseases. Individuals in a population frequently have different haplotypes and this results in many combinations even in small groups. This diversity enhances the survival of such groups and thwarts evolution of epitopes in pathogens which would otherwise be able to be shielded from the immune system. Antibodies
HLA antibodies are typically not naturally occurring with few exceptions are formed as a result of an immunologic challenge of a foreign material containing non-self HLAs via blood transfusion pre
The phenotype exampled above is one of the more common in Ireland and is the result of two common genetic haplotypes:
A*0101 : Cw*0701 : B*0801 : DRB1*0301 : DQA1*0501 : DQB1*0201 (By serotyping A1-Cw7-B8-DR3-DQ2)
which is called ' 'super B8' ' or ' 'ancestral haplotype' ' and
A*0301 : Cw*0702 : B*0702 : DRB1*1501 : DQA1*0102 : DQB1*0602 (By serotyping A3-Cw7-B7-DR15-DQ6 or the older version "A3-B7-DR2-DQ1")
These haplotypes can be used to trace migrations in the human population because they are often much like a fingerprint of an event that has occurred in evolution. The Super-B8 haplotype is enriched in the Western Irish declines along gradients away from that region and is only found in areas of the world where Western Europeans have migrated. The "A3-B7-DR2-DQ1" is more widely spread from Eastern Asia to Iberia. The Super-B8 haplotype is associated with a number of diet associated autoimmune diseases. There are 100000s of extended haplotypes but only a few show a visible and nodal character in the human population. Role of allelic variation
Studies of humans and other animals imply a heterozygous selection mechanism operating on these loci as an explanation for this exceptional variability.16 One credible mechanism is sexual selection in which females are able to detect males with different HLA relative to their own type.17 While the DQ and DP encoding loci have fewer alleles combinations of A1:B1 can produce a theoretical potential of 1586 DQ and 2552 DP heterodimers respectively. While certainly nowhere near this number of isoforms exist in the human population each individual can carry 4 variable DQ and DP isoforms increasing the potential number of antigens that these receptors can present to the immune system in individual immune system. Studies of the variable positions of DP DR and DQ reveal that peptide antigen contact residues on class II molecules are most frequently the site of variation in the protein primary structure. Therefore through a combination of intense allelic variation and/or subunit pairing the class II 'peptide' receptors are capable of binding an almost endless variation of peptides of 9 amino acids or longer in length protecting interbreeding subpopulations from nascent or epidemic diseases. Individuals in a population frequently have different haplotypes and this results in many combinations even in small groups. This diversity enhances the survival of such groups and thwarts evolution of epitopes in pathogens which would otherwise be able to be shielded from the immune system. Antibodies
HLA antibodies are typically not naturally occurring with few exceptions are formed as a result of an immunologic challenge of a foreign material containing non-self HLAs via blood transfusion pre
Conditions of Use Click on image to view larger version Figure 4 Expression of human leukocyte antigen HLA molecules during pregnancy and interactions between HLA class Ib molecules natural killer NK receptors and cytokines at the feto
http://humupd.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content-nw/full/12/3/209/F4
Human Leukocyte Antigen Test - definition of Human Leukocyte ...
Information about Human Leukocyte Antigen Test in Free online English dictionary. ... Human leukocyte antigen (leukocyte is the name for white blood cell, while antigen refers ...
Information about Human Leukocyte Antigen Test in Free online English dictionary. ... Human leukocyte antigen (leukocyte is the name for white blood cell, while antigen refers ...
gnancy (paternally-inherited antigens) or organ or tissue transplant.
Antibodies against disease associated HLA haplotypes have been proposed as a treatment for severe autoimmune diseases.18
Donor-specific HLA antibodies have been found to be associated with graft failure in kidney heart lung and liver transplantation. HLA matching for sick siblings Main article: PGD for HLA matching
In some diseases requiring hematopoietic stem cell transplantation preimplantation genetic diagnosis may be used to give rise to a sibling with matching HLA although there are ethical considerations. 19 Further reading Harsanyi Zsolt; Hutton Richard (1982). Genetic Prophecy: Beyond the Double Helix. London: Granada. ISBN 0-246-11760-5 External links IMGT/HLA Sequence Database at European Bioinformatics Institute hla.alleles.org HLA Informatics Group at The Anthony Nolan Trust American Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics European Federation for Immunogenetics HistoCheck HLA matching tool for organ and stem cell transplantation Allele Frequencies at Variable Immune related loci Genetic Matchmaking based on HLA-Analysisi MeSH Human+leukocyte+antigens References Bottley G Watherston O Hiew Y Norrild B Cook G and Blair G (2007). "High-risk human papillomavirus E7 expression reduces cell-surface MHC class I molecules and increases susceptibility to natural killer cells". Oncogene. Epub ahead of print PMID 1782829. Brennan P and Kendrick K (2006). "Mammalian social odours: attraction and individual recognition". Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 361(1476):2061-78 PMID 17118924 Table 5-7 in: Mitchell Richard Sheppard; Kumar Vinay; Abbas Abul K.; Fausto Nelson (2007). Robbins Basic Pathology. Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 1-4160-2973-7. 8th edition. Shennan Douglas H (2006). Evolution and the Spiral of Technology. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 1552125181. P. Parham and T. Ohta (1996). "Population Biology of Antigen Presentation by MHC class I Molecules". Science 272 (5258 pages 6774): 67. doi:10.1126/science.272.5258.67. PMID 8600539. . a b c Marsh SG Albert ED Bodmer WF Bontrop RE Dupont B Erlich HA Geraghty DE Hansen JA Hurley CK Mach B Mayr WR Parham P Petersdorf EW Sasazuki T Schreuder GM Strominger JL Svejgaard A Terasaki PI and Trowsdale J. (2005). "Nomenclature for factors of the HLA System 2004". Tissue Antigens 65 (4): 301369. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0039.2005.00379.x. PMID 15787720. a b c d IMGT/HLA Database Karp DR Marthandan N Marsh SG Ahn C Arnett FC Deluca DS Diehl AD Dunivin R Eilbeck K Feolo M Guidry PA Helmberg W Lewis S Mayes MD Mungall C Natale DA Peters B Petersdorf E Reveille JD Smith B Thomson G Waller MJ and Scheuermann RH. (2010). "Novel sequence feature variant type analysis of the HLA genetic association in systemic sclerosis. 2010". Human Molecular Genetics 19 (4): 70
Antibodies against disease associated HLA haplotypes have been proposed as a treatment for severe autoimmune diseases.18
Donor-specific HLA antibodies have been found to be associated with graft failure in kidney heart lung and liver transplantation. HLA matching for sick siblings Main article: PGD for HLA matching
In some diseases requiring hematopoietic stem cell transplantation preimplantation genetic diagnosis may be used to give rise to a sibling with matching HLA although there are ethical considerations. 19 Further reading Harsanyi Zsolt; Hutton Richard (1982). Genetic Prophecy: Beyond the Double Helix. London: Granada. ISBN 0-246-11760-5 External links IMGT/HLA Sequence Database at European Bioinformatics Institute hla.alleles.org HLA Informatics Group at The Anthony Nolan Trust American Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics European Federation for Immunogenetics HistoCheck HLA matching tool for organ and stem cell transplantation Allele Frequencies at Variable Immune related loci Genetic Matchmaking based on HLA-Analysisi MeSH Human+leukocyte+antigens References Bottley G Watherston O Hiew Y Norrild B Cook G and Blair G (2007). "High-risk human papillomavirus E7 expression reduces cell-surface MHC class I molecules and increases susceptibility to natural killer cells". Oncogene. Epub ahead of print PMID 1782829. Brennan P and Kendrick K (2006). "Mammalian social odours: attraction and individual recognition". Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 361(1476):2061-78 PMID 17118924 Table 5-7 in: Mitchell Richard Sheppard; Kumar Vinay; Abbas Abul K.; Fausto Nelson (2007). Robbins Basic Pathology. Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 1-4160-2973-7. 8th edition. Shennan Douglas H (2006). Evolution and the Spiral of Technology. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 1552125181. P. Parham and T. Ohta (1996). "Population Biology of Antigen Presentation by MHC class I Molecules". Science 272 (5258 pages 6774): 67. doi:10.1126/science.272.5258.67. PMID 8600539. . a b c Marsh SG Albert ED Bodmer WF Bontrop RE Dupont B Erlich HA Geraghty DE Hansen JA Hurley CK Mach B Mayr WR Parham P Petersdorf EW Sasazuki T Schreuder GM Strominger JL Svejgaard A Terasaki PI and Trowsdale J. (2005). "Nomenclature for factors of the HLA System 2004". Tissue Antigens 65 (4): 301369. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0039.2005.00379.x. PMID 15787720. a b c d IMGT/HLA Database Karp DR Marthandan N Marsh SG Ahn C Arnett FC Deluca DS Diehl AD Dunivin R Eilbeck K Feolo M Guidry PA Helmberg W Lewis S Mayes MD Mungall C Natale DA Peters B Petersdorf E Reveille JD Smith B Thomson G Waller MJ and Scheuermann RH. (2010). "Novel sequence feature variant type analysis of the HLA genetic association in systemic sclerosis. 2010". Human Molecular Genetics 19 (4): 70
Figure 4 Sequence alignment of A HLA DPA1 0103 with HLA DPA1 0201 and B HLA DPB1 1701 with HLA DPB1 1901 0201 1301 and 0401 Underlined residues represent
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HLA-B27 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) B27 (subtypes B*2701-2759) [1] is a class I surface antigen encoded by the B locus in the major histocompatibility ...
Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) B27 (subtypes B*2701-2759) [1] is a class I surface antigen encoded by the B locus in the major histocompatibility ...
7719. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddp521. PMID 19933168.
"IMGT/HLA Database". http://www.ebi.ac.uk/imgt/hla/.
"Immunology Database and Analysis Portal (ImmPort)". https://www.immport.org/immportWeb/home/home.dologinTypefull.
a b Hurley CK (1997). "DNA-based typing of HLA for transplantation." In Leffell MS Donnenberg AD Rose NR eds. (1997) Handbook of Human Immunology. pp. 521-55 Boca Raton: CRC Press ISBN 0849301343.
Bodmer JG Marsh SG Albert ED Bodmer WF Dupont B Erlich HA Mach B Mayr WR Parham P Sasazuki T Schreuder GMT Strominger JL Svejgaard A Terasaki PI (1992). "Nomenclature for factors of the HLA system 1991." Human Immunol 34(1): 4-18 PMID 1399721.
Valluri V Mustafa M Santhosh A Middleton D Alvares M El Haj E Gumama O and Abdel-Wareth L (2005). "Frequencies of HLA-A HLA-B HLA-DR and HLA-DQ phenotypes in the United Arab Emirates population". Tissue Antigens 66 (2): 107113. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0039.2005.00441.x. PMID 16029430.
Farjadian S Naruse T Kawata H Ghaderi A Bahram S and Inoko H (2004). "Molecular analysis of HLA allele frequencies and haplotypes in Baloch of Iran compared with related populations of Pakistan". Tissue Antigens 64 (5): 581587. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0039.2004.00302.x. PMID 15496201.
Shankarkumar U Prasanavar D Ghosh K and Mohanty D (2003). "HLA A*02 allele frequencies and B haplotype associations in Western Indians". Hum Immunol. 64 (5): 562566. doi:10.1016/S0198-8859(03)00032-6. PMID 12691707.
V. Apanius D. Penn P.R. Slev L.R. Ruff and W.K. Potts (1997). "The nature of selection on the major histocompatibility complex". Critical Reviews in Immunology 17 (2): 179224. PMID 9094452. .
Wedekind C Seebeck T Bettens F and Paepke AJ (1995). "MHC-dependent mate preferences in humans". Proc Biol Sci. 260 (1359): 245249. doi:10.1098/rspb.1995.0087. PMID 7630893.
Oshima M Deitiker P Ashizawa T Atassi M (2002). "Vaccination with a MHC class II peptide attenuates cellular and humoral responses against tAChR and suppresses clinical EAMG". Autoimmunity 35 (3): 18390. doi:10.1080/08916930290022270. PMID 12389643.
Verlinsky Y Rechitsky S Schoolcraft W Strom C Kuliev A (Jun 2001). "Preimplantation diagnosis for Fanconi anemia combined with HLA matching". JAMA 285 (24): 31303. doi:10.1001/jama.285.24.3130. PMID 11427142. http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookupviewlong&pmid11427142.
v d e
Surface antigens
Major histocompatibility complex/
Human leukocyte antigen
MHC class I
HLA-A HLA-B HLA-C HLA-E HLA-F HLA-G
MHC class II
HLA-DM ( ) HLA-DO ( ) HLA-DP (1 1) HLA-DQ (1 2 1 2 3) HLA-DR ( 1 3 4 5)
Minor histocompatibility antigen
Other
Arrestin - Calgranulin - Blood group antigens - Cell adhesion molecules - Differentiation antigens
Table 1
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