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In philosophy essentialism is the view that for any specific kind of entity there is a set of characteristics or properties all of which any entity of that kind must possess. Therefore all things can be precisely defined or described. In this view it follows that terms or words should have a single definition and meaning.1
In simple terms essentialism is a generalization stating that certain properties possessed by a group (e.g. people things ideas) are universal and not dependent on context. For example the essentialist statement 'all human beings are mortal'.
According to essentialism a member of a specific group may possess other characteristics that are neither needed to establish its membership nor preclude its membership but that essences do not simply reflect ways of grouping objects; they also result in properties of the object.
Hirschfeld gives an example of what constitutes the essence of a tiger regardless of whether it is striped or albino or has lost a leg. The essential properties of a tiger are those without which it is no longer a tiger. Other properties such as stripes or number of legs are considered inessential or 'accidental'. 2
This view is contrasted with non-essentialism which states that for any given kind of entity there are no specific traits which entities of that kind must possess.
Essentialism came under scrutiny and criticism in the late 20th c
In philosophy essentialism is the view that for any specific kind of entity there is a set of characteristics or properties all of which any entity of that kind must possess. Therefore all things can be precisely defined or described. In this view it follows that terms or words should have a single definition and meaning.1
In simple terms essentialism is a generalization stating that certain properties possessed by a group (e.g. people things ideas) are universal and not dependent on context. For example the essentialist statement 'all human beings are mortal'.
According to essentialism a member of a specific group may possess other characteristics that are neither needed to establish its membership nor preclude its membership but that essences do not simply reflect ways of grouping objects; they also result in properties of the object.
Hirschfeld gives an example of what constitutes the essence of a tiger regardless of whether it is striped or albino or has lost a leg. The essential properties of a tiger are those without which it is no longer a tiger. Other properties such as stripes or number of legs are considered inessential or 'accidental'. 2
This view is contrasted with non-essentialism which states that for any given kind of entity there are no specific traits which entities of that kind must possess.
Essentialism came under scrutiny and criticism in the late 20th c
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essentialism: Definition from Answers.com
essentialism n. The metaphysical theory that the essential properties of an object can be distinguished from those that are accidental to
essentialism n. The metaphysical theory that the essential properties of an object can be distinguished from those that are accidental to
entury particularly by social scientists. Discussion of its possible limitations has taken place among biologists as well.
Contents
1 In philosophy
2 In psychology
3 In ethics
4 In biology
5 Essentialism and society and politics
6 In history
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
//
In philosophy
An essence characterizes a substance or a form in the sense of the Forms or Ideas in Platonic idealism. It is permanent unalterable and eternal; and present in every possible world. Classical humanism has an essentialist conception of the human being which means that it believes in an eternal and unchangeable human nature. This viewpointwhich has been criticized by Marx Nietzsche Sartre and especially Stirner as well as many modern and existential thinkers.
In Plato's philosophy (in particular the Timaeus and the Philebus) things were said to come into being in this world by the action of a demiurge who works to form chaos into ordered entities. From Aristotle onward the definition in philosophical contexts of the word "essence" is very close to the definition of form (Gr. morphe). Many definitions of essence hearken back to the ancient Greek hylomorphic understanding of the formation of the things of this world. According to that account the structure and real existence of any thing can be understood by analogy to an artifact produced by a craftsman. The craftsman requires hyle (timber or wood) and a model plan or idea in his own mind according to which the wood is worked to give it the indicated contour or form (morphe). Aristotle was the first to use the terms hyle and morphe. According to his explanation all entities have two aspects "matter" and "form". It is the particular form imposed that gives some m
An essence characterizes a substance or a form in the sense of the Forms or Ideas in Platonic idealism. It is permanent unalterable and eternal; and present in every possible world. Classical humanism has an essentialist conception of the human being which means that it believes in an eternal and unchangeable human nature. This viewpointwhich has been criticized by Marx Nietzsche Sartre and especially Stirner as well as many modern and existential thinkers.
In Plato's philosophy (in particular the Timaeus and the Philebus) things were said to come into being in this world by the action of a demiurge who works to form chaos into ordered entities. From Aristotle onward the definition in philosophical contexts of the word "essence" is very close to the definition of form (Gr. morphe). Many definitions of essence hearken back to the ancient Greek hylomorphic understanding of the formation of the things of this world. According to that account the structure and real existence of any thing can be understood by analogy to an artifact produced by a craftsman. The craftsman requires hyle (timber or wood) and a model plan or idea in his own mind according to which the wood is worked to give it the indicated contour or form (morphe). Aristotle was the first to use the terms hyle and morphe. According to his explanation all entities have two aspects "matter" and "form". It is the particular form imposed that gives some m
Organic essentialism
http://tetora-prego.jugem.jp/?day=20090917
Essentialism page
One of the central modes of representation is essentialism. ... However, the binary articulation of essentialism and difference can also be restrictive, even obfuscating, in ...
One of the central modes of representation is essentialism. ... However, the binary articulation of essentialism and difference can also be restrictive, even obfuscating, in ...
atter its identity its quiddity or "whatness" (i.e. its "what it is").
Plato was one of the first essentialists believing in the concept of ideal forms an abstract entity of which individual objects are mere facsimilies. To give an example; the ideal form of a circle is a perfect circle something that is physically impossible to make manifest yet the circles that we draw and observe clearly have some idea in common this idea is the ideal form. Plato believed that these ideas are eternal and vastly superior to their manifestations in the world and that we understand these manifestations in the material world by comparing and relating them to their respective ideal form. Plato's forms are regarded as patriachs to essentialist dogma simply because they are a case of what is intrinsic and a-contextual of objects the abstract properties that makes them what they are. For more on forms read Plato's parable of the cave.
Karl Popper splits the ambiguous term realism into essentialism and realism. He uses essentialism whenever he means the opposite of nominalism and realism only as opposed to idealism. Popper himself takes the position of a realist in both meanings of the word though his essentialism is modified in various respects compared to the classical version.
Metaphysical essentialism
Essentialism in its broadest sense is any philosophy that acknowledges the primacy of Essence. Unlike Existentialism which posits "being" as the fundamental reality the essentialist ontology must be approached from a metaphysical perspective. Empirical knowledge is developed from experience of a relational universe whose components and attributes are defined and measured in terms of intellectually constructed laws. Thus for the scientist realit
Plato was one of the first essentialists believing in the concept of ideal forms an abstract entity of which individual objects are mere facsimilies. To give an example; the ideal form of a circle is a perfect circle something that is physically impossible to make manifest yet the circles that we draw and observe clearly have some idea in common this idea is the ideal form. Plato believed that these ideas are eternal and vastly superior to their manifestations in the world and that we understand these manifestations in the material world by comparing and relating them to their respective ideal form. Plato's forms are regarded as patriachs to essentialist dogma simply because they are a case of what is intrinsic and a-contextual of objects the abstract properties that makes them what they are. For more on forms read Plato's parable of the cave.
Karl Popper splits the ambiguous term realism into essentialism and realism. He uses essentialism whenever he means the opposite of nominalism and realism only as opposed to idealism. Popper himself takes the position of a realist in both meanings of the word though his essentialism is modified in various respects compared to the classical version.
Metaphysical essentialism
Essentialism in its broadest sense is any philosophy that acknowledges the primacy of Essence. Unlike Existentialism which posits "being" as the fundamental reality the essentialist ontology must be approached from a metaphysical perspective. Empirical knowledge is developed from experience of a relational universe whose components and attributes are defined and measured in terms of intellectually constructed laws. Thus for the scientist realit
http://www.jeffreystrayer.com/LimitsOfAbstraction.html
Beyond Otherness
A valuistic perspective on the essence of man and his universe with supportive statements from past and contemporary physicists and cosmologists. ...
A valuistic perspective on the essence of man and his universe with supportive statements from past and contemporary physicists and cosmologists. ...
y is explored as an evolutionary system of diverse entities the order of which is determined by the principle of causality. Because Essentialism is a conceptual worldview that is not dependent on objective facts and measurements it is not limited to empirical understanding or the objective way of looking at things. Just as Eastern mysticism teaches that reality is more than what the rational mind can formulate analytically from observing the nature of "otherness" the essentialist ontology transcends self/other dualism to define the undivided source the ineffable Oneness alluded to in Eastern Philosophy.
Despite the metaphysical basis for the term academicians in science aesthetics heuristics psychology and gender-based sociological studies have all seen fit to advance their disparate and sundry causes under the banner of Essentialism. Possibly the clearest definition for this philosophy was offered by gay/lesbian rights advocate Diana Fuss who wrote: "Essentialism is most commonly understood as a belief in the real true essence of things the invariable and fixed properties of which define the 'whatness' of a given entity".(3) Metaphysical essentialism stands diametrically opposed to existential realism in that finite existence is only differentiated appearance whereas "ultimate reality" is held to be absolute essence.
Although the Greek philosophers believed that the true nature of the universe was perfect they attributed the observed imperfections to man's limited perception. For Plato this meant that there had to be two different realities: the "essential" and the "perceived". Plato's dialectical protg Aristotle 384-322 B.C. applied the term "essence" to the one common characteristic that all things belonging to a particular catego
Despite the metaphysical basis for the term academicians in science aesthetics heuristics psychology and gender-based sociological studies have all seen fit to advance their disparate and sundry causes under the banner of Essentialism. Possibly the clearest definition for this philosophy was offered by gay/lesbian rights advocate Diana Fuss who wrote: "Essentialism is most commonly understood as a belief in the real true essence of things the invariable and fixed properties of which define the 'whatness' of a given entity".(3) Metaphysical essentialism stands diametrically opposed to existential realism in that finite existence is only differentiated appearance whereas "ultimate reality" is held to be absolute essence.
Although the Greek philosophers believed that the true nature of the universe was perfect they attributed the observed imperfections to man's limited perception. For Plato this meant that there had to be two different realities: the "essential" and the "perceived". Plato's dialectical protg Aristotle 384-322 B.C. applied the term "essence" to the one common characteristic that all things belonging to a particular catego
http://www.macroevolution.net/essentialism.html
Essentialism - Psychology Wiki
Essentialism is the belief and practice centered on a philosophical claim that for any specific kind of entity it is at least theoretically possible ...
Essentialism is the belief and practice centered on a philosophical claim that for any specific kind of entity it is at least theoretically possible ...
ry have in common and without which they could not be members of that category; hence the idea of rationality as the essence of man. This notion carried over into all facets of reality including species of living creatures. For contemporary essentialists however the characteristic that all existents have in common is the power to exist and this potentiality defines the "uncreated" Essence.
It was the Egyptian-born philosopher Plotinus 270-204 B.C. who brought Greek Idealism to the Roman Empire as Neo-Platonism and with it the concept that not only do all existents emanate from a "primary essence" but that the mind plays an active role in shaping or ordering the objects of perception rather than passively receiving experiential data. But with the Empire's fall to the Goths in A.D. 476 Neo-Platonism gave way to the spread of Christianity in the Western World leaving Aristotle's multiple "essences" unchallenged to dominate philosophical thought throughout the Middle Ages on into the modern era of scientific objectivism.
18:37 22 May 2010 (UTC)Will Ockham In psychology
Essentialism has emerged as an important concept in psychology particularly developmental psychology. Here theorists distinguish between metaphysical essentialism (see above) and psychological essentialism the latter referring not to an actual claim about the world but a claim about a characteristic way of construing entities in the world. Influential in this area is Susan Gelman who has outlined many domains in which children and adults construe classes of entities particularly biological entities in essentialist termsi.e. as if they had an immutable underlying essence which can be used to predict unobserved similarities between members of that class.4 Others have su
It was the Egyptian-born philosopher Plotinus 270-204 B.C. who brought Greek Idealism to the Roman Empire as Neo-Platonism and with it the concept that not only do all existents emanate from a "primary essence" but that the mind plays an active role in shaping or ordering the objects of perception rather than passively receiving experiential data. But with the Empire's fall to the Goths in A.D. 476 Neo-Platonism gave way to the spread of Christianity in the Western World leaving Aristotle's multiple "essences" unchallenged to dominate philosophical thought throughout the Middle Ages on into the modern era of scientific objectivism.
18:37 22 May 2010 (UTC)Will Ockham In psychology
Essentialism has emerged as an important concept in psychology particularly developmental psychology. Here theorists distinguish between metaphysical essentialism (see above) and psychological essentialism the latter referring not to an actual claim about the world but a claim about a characteristic way of construing entities in the world. Influential in this area is Susan Gelman who has outlined many domains in which children and adults construe classes of entities particularly biological entities in essentialist termsi.e. as if they had an immutable underlying essence which can be used to predict unobserved similarities between members of that class.4 Others have su
of the teleological principle and sensibility as the true reality About the author Hampday is an Internet pseudonym for Hamilton Ham Priday Anonymity seemed the prudent choice for hosting a philosophy website until my recent
http://www.essentialism.net/mechanic.htm
Essentialism | Define Essentialism at Dictionary.com
Essentialism definition at Dictionary.com, a free online dictionary with pronunciation, synonyms and translation. Look it up now!
Essentialism definition at Dictionary.com, a free online dictionary with pronunciation, synonyms and translation. Look it up now!
ggested that social categories such as race come to be essentialized due to an over-extension of this biological mode of thinking.5
In ethics
Classical Essentialism claims that some things are wrong in an absolute sense for example murder breaks a universal objective and natural moral law and not merely an adventitious socially or ethically constructed one.
Many modern essentialists claim that right and wrong are moral boundaries which are individually constructed. In other words things that are ethically right or wrong are actions that the individual deems to be beneficial or harmful. In biology
It is often held that before evolution was developed as a scientific theory there existed an essentialist view of biology that posited all species to be unchanging throughout time. Some religious opponents of evolution continue to maintain this view of biology (see creation-evolution controversy).
Recent work by historians of systematics has however cast doubt upon this view. Mary P. Winsor Ron Amundson and Staffan Mller-Wille have each argued that in fact the usual suspects (such as Linnaeus and the Ideal Morphologists) were very far from being essentialists and it appears that the so-called "essentialism story" (or "myth") in biology is a result of conflating the views expressed by philosophers from Aristotle onwards through to John Stuart Mill and William Whewell in the immediately pre-Darwinian period using biological examples with the use of terms in biology like species.678 Essentialism and society and politics Main articles: Identity politics Strategic essentialism and Ethnic essentialism
Essentialist positions on gender sexuality race ethnicity or other group characteristics consider these to be fixed traits discount
Classical Essentialism claims that some things are wrong in an absolute sense for example murder breaks a universal objective and natural moral law and not merely an adventitious socially or ethically constructed one.
Many modern essentialists claim that right and wrong are moral boundaries which are individually constructed. In other words things that are ethically right or wrong are actions that the individual deems to be beneficial or harmful. In biology
It is often held that before evolution was developed as a scientific theory there existed an essentialist view of biology that posited all species to be unchanging throughout time. Some religious opponents of evolution continue to maintain this view of biology (see creation-evolution controversy).
Recent work by historians of systematics has however cast doubt upon this view. Mary P. Winsor Ron Amundson and Staffan Mller-Wille have each argued that in fact the usual suspects (such as Linnaeus and the Ideal Morphologists) were very far from being essentialists and it appears that the so-called "essentialism story" (or "myth") in biology is a result of conflating the views expressed by philosophers from Aristotle onwards through to John Stuart Mill and William Whewell in the immediately pre-Darwinian period using biological examples with the use of terms in biology like species.678 Essentialism and society and politics Main articles: Identity politics Strategic essentialism and Ethnic essentialism
Essentialist positions on gender sexuality race ethnicity or other group characteristics consider these to be fixed traits discount
http://www.cognitionandculture.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=33:on-essentialism&catid=39:rita&Itemid=34
Educational essentialism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Essentialism strives to teach students the accumulated knowledge of our civilization through core courses in the traditional academic disciplines. ...
Essentialism strives to teach students the accumulated knowledge of our civilization through core courses in the traditional academic disciplines. ...
ing variation among group members as secondary.
Contemporary proponents of identity politics including feminism gay rights and/or racial equality activists generally take constructionist viewpointscitation needed agreeing with Simone de Beauvoir that "one is not born but becomes a woman" for example.9 However this is a vexed issue. To the extent that essence implies permanence and inalterability essentialist thinking tends to agree with political conservatism and militate against social change. Essentialist claims also have provided useful rallying-points for radical politics including feminist anti-racist and anti-colonial struggles. In a culture saturated with essentialist modes of thinking an ironic or strategic essentialism can sometimes be politically expedient.
In social thought essentialism as a metaphysical claim is often conflated with biological reductionism. Most sociologists for example employ a distinction between biological sex and gender role. Similar distinctions across disciplines generally fall under the topic "nature versus nurture". However this conflation can be contested. For example Monique Wittig has argued that even biological sex is not an essence and that the body's physiology is caught up in processes of social construction.10 In history
Essentialism is used by some historians in listing essential cultural characteristics of a particular nation or culture. A people can be understood in this way. These characteristics have degenerated into clichs serving to justify colonial practices. In other cases the essentialist method has been used by members or admirers of an historical community to establish a praiseworthy national identity.11 Opposed to this model of interpretation are historical studies which
Contemporary proponents of identity politics including feminism gay rights and/or racial equality activists generally take constructionist viewpointscitation needed agreeing with Simone de Beauvoir that "one is not born but becomes a woman" for example.9 However this is a vexed issue. To the extent that essence implies permanence and inalterability essentialist thinking tends to agree with political conservatism and militate against social change. Essentialist claims also have provided useful rallying-points for radical politics including feminist anti-racist and anti-colonial struggles. In a culture saturated with essentialist modes of thinking an ironic or strategic essentialism can sometimes be politically expedient.
In social thought essentialism as a metaphysical claim is often conflated with biological reductionism. Most sociologists for example employ a distinction between biological sex and gender role. Similar distinctions across disciplines generally fall under the topic "nature versus nurture". However this conflation can be contested. For example Monique Wittig has argued that even biological sex is not an essence and that the body's physiology is caught up in processes of social construction.10 In history
Essentialism is used by some historians in listing essential cultural characteristics of a particular nation or culture. A people can be understood in this way. These characteristics have degenerated into clichs serving to justify colonial practices. In other cases the essentialist method has been used by members or admirers of an historical community to establish a praiseworthy national identity.11 Opposed to this model of interpretation are historical studies which
http://psycweb.unl.edu/psyc450/ch3
What is Essentialism?
The term essentialism is commonly used in three main ways. ... Thirdly, the term essentialism refers to when in everyday conversation or also in ...
The term essentialism is commonly used in three main ways. ... Thirdly, the term essentialism refers to when in everyday conversation or also in ...
turn from essences to focus on the particular circumstances of time and place.
See also
Social constructionism (an anti-essentialist position)
Structuralism
Poststructuralism
Traditionalist School
Educational essentialism
Vitalism
Creole language
References
Gnter Radden H. Cuyckens (2003). Motivation in language: studies in honor of Gnter Radden. John Benjamins. p. 275. ISBN 9781588114266. http://books.google.com/booksidqzhJ3KpLpQUC&pgPA275&dqessentialism+definition&lr&cd3#vonepage&qessentialism%20definition&ffalse.
Lawrence A. Hirschfeld "Natural Assumptions: Race Essence and Taxonomies of Human Kinds" Social Research 65 (Summer 1998). Infotrac (December 24 2003).
Fuss Diana: Essentially Speaking 1989
Gelman S. The essential child: Origins of essentialism in everyday thought. New York: Oxford University Press.
Medin D.L. & Atran S. "The native mind: biological categorization and reasoning in development and across cultures." Psychological Review 111(4) (2004).
Amundson R. (2005) The changing rule of the embryo in evolutionary biology: structure and synthesis New York Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521806992
Mller-Wille Staffan. 2007. Collection and collation: theory and practice of Linnaean botany. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 38 (3):541562.
Winsor M. P. (2003) Non-essentialist methods in pre-Darwinian taxonomy. Biology & Philosophy 18 387400.
Beauvoir Simone. 1974. Ch. XII: Childhood The Second Sex. New York: Vintage Books
Wittig Monique. 1992. The Category of Sex. Pp. 18 in The Straight Mind and Other Essays. Boston: Beacon Press
Touraj Atabaki Beyond Essentialism: Who Writes Whose
This is the kind of view expressed implicitly when a creationist says that such and such a change represents devolution a movement away from pure type The great evolutionary
http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/evolphil/species.html
Essentialism
The term essentialism as an educational. philosophy was originally popularized in the ... essentialism was that the currently dominant. theories of education ...
The term essentialism as an educational. philosophy was originally popularized in the ... essentialism was that the currently dominant. theories of education ...
Past in the Middle East and Central Asia Inaugural Lecture as Extraordinary Professor of the Social History of the Middle East and Central Asia in the University of Amsterdam 13 December 2002
Further reading
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Essentialism
Runes Dagobert D. (1972) Dictionary of Philosophy (Littlefield Adams & Co.). See for instance the articles on "Essence" pg.97; "Quiddity" pg.262; "Form" pg.110; "Hylomorphism" pg.133; "Individuation" pg.145; and "Matter" pg.191.
Barrett H. C. (2001). On the functional origins of essentialism. Mind and Society 3 Vol. 2 130.
Sayer Andrew (August 1997) "Essentialism Social Constructionism and Beyond" Sociological Review 45 : 456.
Oderberg David S. (2007) Real Essentialism New York Routledge.
External links
Cliff Brian (Spring 1996). "Essentialism". Emory University. http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/Essentialism.html. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
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Metaphysics
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Cosmology Epistemology Ontology Teleology Philosophy of psychology Philosophy of mind Philosophy of self Philosophy of space and time Axiology Theoretical physics meta- Concepts in metaphysics
Action Abstract object Being Category of being Causality Change Choice Concept Cogito ergo sum Embodied cognition Entity Essence Existence Experience Form Idea Identity Information Insight Intelligence Intention Matter Memetics Mind Meaning Mental representation Modality Motion&#
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Essentialism Summary and Analysis Summary | BookRags.com
Essentialism summary with 11 pages of lesson plans, quotes, chapter summaries, analysis, encyclopedia entries, essays, research information, and more.
Essentialism summary with 11 pages of lesson plans, quotes, chapter summaries, analysis, encyclopedia entries, essays, research information, and more.
160; Necessity Notion Object Pattern Physical object Perception Principle Properties Qualia Quality Reality Subject Substance Thought Time Truth Type Unity Universal Unobservable Value more ...
Metaphysical theories
Anti-realism Cartesian dualism Free will Liberty Materialism Meaning of life Idealism Existentialism Essentialism Libertarianism Determinism Naturalism Monism Platonic idealism Hindu idealism Phenomenalism Nihilism Realism Physicalism MOQ Relativism Scientific realism Solipsism Subjectivism Substance theory Type theory Metaphysicians
Parmenides Plato Aristotle Plotinus Duns Scotus Thomas Aquinas Ren Descartes John Locke David Hume Immanuel Kant Isaac Newton Arthur Schopenhauer Baruch Spinoza Georg W. F. Hegel George Berkeley Gottfried Leibniz Henri Bergson Friedrich Nietzsche Charles Sanders Peirce Ludwig Wittgenstein Martin Heidegger Alfred N. Whitehead Bertrand Russell Dorothy Emmet G. E. Moore Jean-Paul Sartre Gilbert Ryle Hilary Putnam P. F. Strawson R. G. Collingwood Adolph Sthr Rudolf Carnap Saul Kripke Willard V. O. Quine Donald Davidson more ... Portal Category Task Force Stubs Discussion
Anti-realism Cartesian dualism Free will Liberty Materialism Meaning of life Idealism Existentialism Essentialism Libertarianism Determinism Naturalism Monism Platonic idealism Hindu idealism Phenomenalism Nihilism Realism Physicalism MOQ Relativism Scientific realism Solipsism Subjectivism Substance theory Type theory Metaphysicians
Parmenides Plato Aristotle Plotinus Duns Scotus Thomas Aquinas Ren Descartes John Locke David Hume Immanuel Kant Isaac Newton Arthur Schopenhauer Baruch Spinoza Georg W. F. Hegel George Berkeley Gottfried Leibniz Henri Bergson Friedrich Nietzsche Charles Sanders Peirce Ludwig Wittgenstein Martin Heidegger Alfred N. Whitehead Bertrand Russell Dorothy Emmet G. E. Moore Jean-Paul Sartre Gilbert Ryle Hilary Putnam P. F. Strawson R. G. Collingwood Adolph Sthr Rudolf Carnap Saul Kripke Willard V. O. Quine Donald Davidson more ... Portal Category Task Force Stubs Discussion
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